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BIOL 235 final Exam
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Exam of 33 pages for the course BIOL 235 final Exam at BIOL 235 final Exam (BIOL 235 final Exam)
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BIOL 235 final ExamErythrocytes contain the enzyme - ANS-carbonic anhydrase
carbonic anhydrase catalyzes - ANS-the conversion of metabolically produced C)2 and
water into carbonic acid
fixed phagocytic macrophages - ANS-remove most old erythrocytes from circulation
Location of fixed phagocytic macrophages - ANS-narrow capillaries of the spleen
Undifferentiated cells called pluripotent stem cells reside - ANS-in the bone marrow
pluripotent stem cells - ANS-continuously divide and develop myeloid stem cells and
lymphoid stem cells to give rise to each of the types of blood cells
emigration or diapedesis - ANS-The process of leukocytes squeezing through the
capillary endothelium to exit the vasculature
agglutinins - ANS-genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens found on
the surface of an erythrocyte
ESV - ANS-volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been completed
Increase in ESV when - ANS-stroke volume is decreased
Three cations with important effect on heart function - ANS-K+, Ca2+, and Na+
Increased blood levels of NA+ - ANS-blocks Ca2+ inflow and decreases force of
contraction
Excess in K+ - ANS-blocks generation of action potentials
pharynx - ANS-serves as a sound resonating chamber, contains tonsils, directs air flow
inferiorly
larynx - ANS-passes air form pharynx into windpipe, site of sound production
paranasal sinuses - ANS-resonates sound, not part of the pharynx
,fauces - ANS-opening from oral cavity into pharynx
tertiary bronchus - ANS-carries air to a segment of a lung
terminal bronchiole - ANS-carries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole
pleural membranes - ANS-surround the lungs
surfactant - ANS-reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange
alveoli - ANS-actual sites of gas exchange
eupnea - ANS-normal, quiet breathing
costal breathing - ANS-shallow breathing using just the external intercostal muscles
compliance - ANS-amount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest wall
inspiratory capacity - ANS-tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually about 3600
mL in males
vital capacity - ANS-tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve
volume; usually about 4800 mL in males
functional residual capacity - ANS-residual volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually
about 2400 mL in males
Henry's law - ANS-states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is
proportional to the partial pressure of that gas and its solubility
Bohr effect - ANS-when pH decreases, O2 saturation of hemoglobin decreases
Dalton's law - ANS-each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own partial pressure
medulla oblongata - ANS-sets basic rhythm of breathing
pons - ANS-includes the pontine respiratory group
,Blood is - ANS-a connective tissue that consists of blood plasma (liquid) plus formed
elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets)
Whole blood - ANS-blood plasma and formed elements
Blood plasma - ANS-proteins, water, other solutes
Blood plasma proteins - ANS-albumins (54%), globulins (36%), fibrinogens (7%)
Formed elements - ANS-red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Blood cell production - ANS-hemopoesis, mainly occurs in red bone marrow after birth
Reticulocyte - ANS-from proerythrocyte, ejects nucleus
Average lifespan of an erythrocyte - ANS-120 days
Rate of RBC formation by red blood cells - ANS-equals the rate of RBC destruction by
macrophages
Emigration or diapedesis is - ANS-the process by which phagocytic cells leave blood
vessels
WBCs use to destroy pathogens - ANS-lysozyme, defensins, and certain anions
Neutrophils - ANS-are usually the first and most numerous responders to an infection
Macrophages - ANS-react more slowly to an infection than neutrophils do
Pluripotent stem cells are derived from - ANS-mesenchyme
Megakaryoblasts - ANS-platelet precursor cells, develop into megakaryocytes
Platelet - ANS-fragment of megakaryocyte that is enclosed by a piece of plasma
membrane
Platelet plug - ANS-can stop blood loss completely if the hole in a blood vessel is small
enough
, Hemostasis - ANS-sequence of responses that stops bleeding, vascular spasm, platelet
plug formation, blood clotting
Blood clot - ANS-gel that contains formed elements of the blood entangled in fibrin
threads
In blood clotting - ANS-coagulation factors are activated in sequence, resulting in a
cascade of reactions that includes positive feedback cycles
Extrinsic pathway of blood clotting - ANS-fewer steps, thromboplastic leaks into the
blood from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and initiates the formation of
prothrombinase
Intrinsic pathway of blood clotting - ANS-more complex, occurs more slowly, activators
are in direct contact with blood or contained within (intrinsic to) the blood. Outside tissue
damage is not needed.
clotting pathway - ANS-Prothrombinase - prothrombin - thrombin - soluble fibrinogen -
insoluble fibrin - threads of clot
Common pathway - ANS-formation of prothrombinase marks the beginning of the____
In an incompatible blood transfusion - ANS-antibodies in the recipient's plasma bind to
the antigens on the donated RBCs which causes agglutination (clumping)
Antibodies in your plasma don't react with - ANS-antigens on your red blood cells
HDN - ANS-occurs when maternal anti-Rh antibodies cross the placenta and cause
hemolysis of fetal RBC
ABO blood typing - ANS-blood is mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum
The heart is located in - ANS-the mediastinum
Pericardium - ANS-triple-layered sac that surrounds and protects the heart
Pericardium two main parts - ANS-fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium
Fibrous pericardium - ANS-superficial, tough, inelastic, bag that attaches to the
diaphragm, prevents overstretching of the heart, anchors the heart in the mediastinum
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