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GNUR293 Final
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Exam of 13 pages for the course Anatomy Condensed Final Exam Review - GNUR 155 at Anatomy Condensed Final Exam Review - GNUR 155 (GNUR293 Final)
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GNUR293 Finalwhat is the Na/K pump? - ANS-controls the movement of sodium out of the cell and
potassium into the cell
what fuels the Na/K pump? - ANS-oxygen is used by the mitochondria to influence the
production of ATP which fuels the pump
what happens if there is not enough energy provided to the cell? - ANS-decrease in
oxygen causes anaerobic metabolism and less ATP is made
so sodium stays inside the cell and causes swelling
what could cause a decrease in energy production? - ANS-lack of oxygen or hypoxic
injury
what are characteristics of reversible cellular injury? - ANS-mild, shortlived, withstands
assault, hydropic swelling, intracellular accumulations
why does a cell swell in hypoxic injury? - ANS-lack of O2 causes anaerobic metabolism,
failure of Na/K pump, and sodium retention
characteristics of coagulative necrosis? - ANS-most common, area is dissolved by
proteolytic enymes
where does coagulative necrosis occur? - ANS-heart, kidneys, adrenal glands
characteristics of liquefactive necrosis? - ANS-abscess or cyst is formed, indicates
bacterial infection, liquid debris
where does liquefactive necrosis occur? why? - ANS-brain and neurons because they're
rich with degradative enzymes
characteristics of caseous necrosis? - ANS-lung tissue damage resembling clumpy
cheese, area is walled off by WBCs to prevent spread, area is damaged
where is caseous necrosis found? - ANS-lung tissue from TB
characteristics of fat necrosis? - ANS-death of adipose tissue, calcium soap formation
, where does fat necrosis occur? - ANS-breasts, pancreas, abdominal structures
what is a reperfusion injury? - ANS-restoration of oxygen generates oxygen radicals
which cause membrane damage due to stealing of electrons
characteristics of neutrophils? - ANS-arrives in 6-12 hours, ingest substances, short
lived, becomes components of exudate
characteristics of monocytes that turn into macrophages? - ANS-arrives 3-7 days after
injury, promotes healing
characteristics of mast cells/basophils? - ANS-activator of inflammation because they're
filled with histamin that causes vasodilation
characteristics of eosinophils? - ANS-mildly phagocytic, defend against parasites,
regulate inflammation, helps in allergic reactions
characteristics of platelets? - ANS-coagulation cascade, promotes wound healing
characteristics of endothelial cells? - ANS-vessel wall lining that adjusts permeability to
allow cells for inflammation and healing in
characteristics of NK cells? - ANS-recognize and eliminate cells infected with viruses
and some kill cancer by triggering apoptosis
characteristics of interleukins? - ANS-create communication to WBCs to come in
characteristics of tumor necrosis factor alpha? (who is it secreted by? what does it do?
who is it toxic to?) - ANS-secreted by macrophages, induces fever by acting as an
endogenous pyrogen, toxic to viruses and cancers
characteristics of interferons? - ANS-protect against viral infections in response to
double stranded RNA
characteristics of chemokines? - ANS-induce WBC chemotaxis so WBCs move across
cell gradient
what cells produce chemokines? - ANS-macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells
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