4 large tables which have detailed notes on each ideology (Conservatism, Socialism, Liberalism and Anarchism), broken down into strands (e.g. One Nation Conservatism, Classical-Marxists etc.). Detailed explanation of each concept in the ideology and easy to compare in table format of the different ...
Anarchism
State Human Nature Society Economy Thinkers
Collectivist Anarchists Destruction of the state Social Animals (Kropotkin) Mutualism (Proudhon) Abolishment of capitalism (Bakunin) Peter
- Syndicalists - They believe the state in its current - Humans are naturally social beings - Everyone will help and assist each other - Capitalism is inherently evil and creates inequality Kropotkin
- Anarcho- form is flawed and impeding on the - Kropotkin relates this to the animal - Create a environment of cooperation rather than - It must be removed from society
Communism/Mutualism freedoms of individuals kingdom where animals cooperate with competition - Syndicalists believe capitalism can only be Proudhon
- This would be through violent means if each other to survive abolished if the removal of the state is achieved
necessary - He rejected social Darwinism Trade Unionism (Proudhon) Bakunin
- No state, even if it is in the interest of - Labour would organise themselves into trade unions by Trade between syndicates
the workers/people (Bakunin) skill/trade - There is the belief that between professions, they
- Syndicalists believe that this would be - This was observed by Kropotkin in Switzerland with a will trade for what they need amongst each other
done through an all-out general strike society of watchmakers who were self-sufficient from the to remain sufficient
rewards gained from their work - Trade would be set up through mutually beneficial
Natural Communities (Kropotkin) contracts
- This strand believes that humans,
naturally being social animals, will form Syndicalism softness to capitalism
their own groups - They are able to see that an anarcho-capitalist
- They are free to join whichever group economy can work under their system where
they want to trade occurs in the free market
- Groups are self-sufficient and - However always on mutually beneficial terms that
prosperous represents the real value of labour
Mutual Aid
- People/communities will trade with
one another for what they need from
each other
- Not for profit
Federation of workers
- Syndicalists believe that workers will
create self-governing bodies that will
govern and be independent from each
other
- Similar to guild workers of the middle
ages
Individualist Anarchists Destruction of the state Rationalist view Social Darwinism Unregulated economy Friedman
- Anarcho-capitalists - They believe the state in its current - Individuals are self-interested - Only the fittest survive - Principles of social Darwinism still applies
- Egoism form is flawed and impeding on the - They will only do things that are - Free competition creates a sense of 'balance of interests' - Market competition will encourage and provide Rothbard
freedoms of individuals beneficial to their self-interest - People will have the interest to keep order, therefore it incentives for innovation and growth
- Egoists believe the state's existence will - This will happen as long as scarcity exists will not be a lawless society - The state and other entities like Trade unions are Sitrner
hinder individual autonomy enemies of capitalism and inhibit free market
Egoism (Stirner) Nihilism (Stirner)
Taxation is theft (Rothbard) - The need for complete personal - The complete rejection of the idea of society
- Anarcho-capitalists believe it is autonomy
institutional theft - They believe humans are naturally Union of Egoists (Stirner)
individualistic - The concept that individuals may come together in the
Entitlement to everything (Friedman) - They are NOT sociable name of pursuing their own self-interest
- He believes humans are entitled to - They form the group not for mutual benefit but because it
anything as long as they have worked will benefit themselves only, not for the 'greater good'
to gain it
State to start up
- They believe the state in the beginning
would still be needed
- However simply to get the capitalist
economy going
- All state functions can be provided by
market forces as long as there is
demand for it
Conservative Grid
State Human Nature Society Economy Thinkers
Traditional Principle of Paternalistic and aristocratic rule Pessimistic Anti-revolutionary Pro-capitalist 1. Thomas Hobbes
Conservatism - Supports the idea of having the upper class/elite - Human fallibility and frailty - They did not believe in quick, revolutionary change - Burke was a supporter of Adam Smith's 2. Edmund Burke
of society rule - Impossible to achieve a utopian society - It would be violent lasseiz-faire economics
- With the addition of still helping lower classes, - Human nature left alone will be "nasty, brutish - Capitalism kept the status quo of society
however much more limited than One Nation and short" Change to Conserve (e.g. inequality, hierarchy and property)
Conservatives - Humans work in self-interest and are - In order to prevent revolutionary ideas from
selfish/competitive spreading, they embraced moderate reforms Capitalism's reluctant supporters
Law and Order - Humans are needy and vulnerable, likely to - Same Sex Marriage Act 2014 was arguably a change - They are not as pro-capitalist as neo-
- They believe that it is the state's responsibility to commit destructive acts to conserve as there was a global sweep of conservatives
ensure law and order is kept countries implementing similar reform - They are sceptical about leaving the
- Therefore there should be more spending in economy at the full mercy of market forces
Defence and law enforcement Return to Christian morality and believe in moderate government
- The state must prevent a state of nature - Anti-permissive policies, reversal of 1960s and 70s intervention
situation where life will be "nasty, brutish and social liberalism (anti-abortion and LGBTQ+ rights) - A completely deregulated economy requires
short" - Promotion of 'traditional' family structure (possibly optimism in market forces which is contrary
through the tax system to Conservative pessimism
Organic Origins
- A state must grow gradually
- They must respond to the needs of society in an
organic and pragmatic way
- They are less likely to demand a codified
constitution, would prefer a UK-style of
constitution as it is organically grown and
adapted
Nationalism
- Traditional Conservatives are more hostile
towards the EU
- Reduction in sovereignty leads to a reduction in
the nation-state
One Nation State prevents what is bad, not create what is good Pessimistic Preferring the familiar to the unknown Greater state intervention 1. Michael Oakeshott
Conservatism/Co - Like all Conservatives, this is based on the belief - They also believe similar to traditional - Conservatives have reconciled with human - More interested in Keynesian economics
mpassionate that the state should provide order and conservatives in their view on human nature imperfection - Higher taxation
Conservatives authority to society - However Oakeshott preached that we do not - They have greater appreciation of what already - Higher government spending
- They should not be actively trying to reform know everything about human nature exists in life - There was also an increase in state-
anything that is not broken - "Fallible but not terrible" - Oakeshott - Therefore they prefer depending what they know sponsored social reform
- Oakeshott believed that the best things will - Humanity is still able to secure pleasure and rather than ponder on what they don’t - Different from the other 2 branches of
come from routine activity improvement Conservatism
Embracing class difference - Lasseiz-faire individualism was the enemy of
Nationalism - The ruling upper class will take a paternalistic one-nation
- They saw that every class had a vested interest approach to leadership in society - An example of this policy is the current
in contributing/defending the nation-state - Improving the conditions of society's poorer classes Conservative government's Levelling Up
- They opposed the revolutionary politics of - This was to curb the working class from gaining initiative
ideologies like Socialism revolutionary ideas from the rise of
- To prevent Marx's call for workers of the world communism/socialism in the early 20th century
to unite from becoming a reality, One Nation - They viewed society as one big 'national family'
Conservatives embraced protectionism as well to - This is why the Conservatives strongly believe in
limit workers cooperating internationally trickle-down economics and put up such a
resistance when pressured by Labour and the public
to place a windfall tax on energy corporations
New Right Night watchmen state Less Pessimistic Rand Rolling back the frontiers of the state 1. Ayn Rand
Conservatism - They believed that the only thing you should see - They believe that humans have the opportunity - Deregulate the economy 2. Robert Nozick
from the state is law enforcement to be entrepreneurial and innovative Atomisation of society - Tax cuts
- Rand states that liberty is impossible without - Humans should be given adequate freedom to - Society defined by millions of autonomous - End of dependency culture
order and security which only the state can do such activities individuals - Tight government spending (Austerity
provide ("Small state is a strong state") - However the likes of Nozick highlighted that the - Independently seeking self-fulfilment and self- 2010-2015)
- Any spending on other departments such as most enterprising individuals were still realisation - Destroying disruptive bodies such as Trade
nationalised industries is considered to divert "freedom-loving pack animals" which needed - Society does not exist, but rather a loose collection Unions (Crackdown of Trade Unions in the
attention from the true aim of law and order of a restraint from time to time (minimal regulation) of independent individuals 1920s and 1980s)
state - Restraint should come from formal authority - Thatcher famously stated that "There is no such - Privatisation of industries (Thatcher's
- Rand advocates to make the state "leaner and and deeply rooted communities thing as society" privatisation of BT, BA, Coal etc.)
fitter"
Nozick
Limited/Minarchist state (Nozick)
- The state should do more than just facilitate raw Against state dictating morals
individualism and free market capitalism - New Right Libertarians has a more tolerant view on
- Outsource public services to the private sector the liberalisation of society
- Minarchism would allow self-sufficient - They have a much more relaxed view on issues such
communities to emerge with individual freedom as abortion/homosexuality/divorce (Republican
Senator Rand Paul supports the legalisation of
Tougher law enforcement medical marijuana)
- More powers to police and tougher sentences to - He believed that humans should be left alone in the
offenders social and cultural spheres in addition to the
- Strong national defence economic sphere
Strong national identity/Nationalism
- Tougher responses to threats on the
international stage (Reagan and Thatcher vs the
USSR, Trump vs China)
- Less tolerant approach to immigration (Rwanda
Policy)
Socialism
State Human Nature Society Economy Thinkers
Classical Marxism Pro-revolutionary Optimistic view Equality Destruction of Capitalism Karl Marx
- Classical Marxism along with other traditional - All branches have a similar opinion on human - Marxists did not believe in the class system that - They believe that capitalism promoted Freidrich Engels
Ideologies Page 1
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