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VBSC 421 Lecture 2_ Basic Concepts and Nomenclature.
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VBSC 421 Lecture 2: Basic Concepts andNomenclature
Comparative anatomy - ANS-• The study of form and function, similarities and
differences between the anatomic structures of organisms.
Comparative vertebrate anatomy limits this study to members of the - ANS-phylum
Chordata, subphylum vertebrata.
Vertebrates - ANS-Have an internal backbone (composed of individual bones or
cartilaginous segments) that form the endoskeleton.
Vertebrates Associated features - ANS-a dorsal nerve (spinal cord) protected by the
segmental bone/cartilage.
• brain and associated brain case (skull)
• highly developed sensory organs
• closed circulatory system
• bilateral symmetry (as opposed to radial symmetry[invertebrates] )
Vertebrates 5 classes - ANS-Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, Homo sapiens
(humans)
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778): - ANS-Swedish physician, botanist who established a
systematic approach and [bi- two name] nomenclature for the naming of organisms.
Father of modern taxonomy.
Contended that species did not change over time,
rather used religious philosophy (creation) to
explain origins and relationships.
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829, French): - ANS-Established the school of
evolutionary thought.
Hypothesized that species change overtime
and that the environment induced physiologic
changes in an organism that were passed on.
(need produced evolutionary change).
"Inheritance of acquired characteristics"
, Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882, English) - ANS-• high breeding potential
• competition for resources
• survival of a few
Charles Robert Darwin: Natural Selection - ANS-• Environmental forces that organisms
live and survive in put selective pressures on these organisms, dictating which will live
and reproduce.
• Distinguishing (differing) anatomic features of a particular organism can offer an
advantage or a disadvantage when considering that particular organism's ability to
survive and reproduce.
• Thus, the environment in which an organism lives exerts an influence on the anatomic
features of the species, that allow it to survive.
Alfred R. Wallace - ANS-Evolution - Survival of the fittest
Evolution - ANS-• In general, traits that are beneficial to an organism become more
frequent, as members who survive reproduce (deleterious traits become rarer).
• Over time, this process can lead to the establishment of altered or novel traits within
the breeding population.
• As natural selection exerts its influence on a breeding population, inherited
characteristics of a species change over time.
Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884) - ANS-Augustinian monk who determined that
physical characteristics were inherited, passed on from one generation to another in a
defined and predictable fashion.
Laid the foundation for the laws of genetics.
Comparative anatomy Genetic basis a constant number of mutation, randomly
generated ongoing supply of new variation in organism. Influence on organism survival,
and reproduce. - ANS--Genetic mutations randomly occur in the germ line of organisms,
resulting in an ongoing supply of novel variations.
-These variations may be beneficial or deleterious to the organism and may affect the
organism's ability to survive in it's environment or reproduce.
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