Sociological - WJEC criminology
(Socialisation into gender roles) canalisation - correct answer-Pushing children towards toys
associated with their sex
(Socialisation into gender roles) manipulation - correct answer-Encouraging behaviour
conforming to stereotypes of a child's sex and discouraging behaviour outside of
expectations (I.e. "Boys shouldn't dance")
(Socialisation into gender roles) verbal appellations - correct answer-Using different phrases
for different sexes I.e. "Boys will be boys" encourages boys to be immature longer than girls
Adler came up with the liberation thesis, what is this? - correct answer-As women gain more
freedom they also gain more opportunity to commit crime
Albert Cohen talked about status frustration, what is this? - correct answer-Emotion felt by
individuals of lower classes because they are prevented from climbing social ladder and
gaining status
Bonger talked about selective law enforcement, what is this? - correct answer-Lower classes
punished more severely for same crimes committed by bourgeoisie
Chambliss talked about criminogenic capitalism, what is this? - correct answer-Due to divide
between rich and poor in capitalist society, some people commit crime out of necessity
Conformist (strain theory) - correct answer-Accept goals and have the means to achieve
Heidensohn talked about double deviance, what is this? - correct answer-Female criminals
punished not only for crime but also for deviating from nurturing gender roles
Innovators (strain theory) - correct answer-Accept goals but uses illegitimate means to gain
wealth
Interactionalists argue that... - correct answer-No act is inherently criminal or deviant, it is
only societies reaction that labels it as such
Left realists blame crime on... - correct answer-Relative deprivation, subcultures and
marginalisation
Messerschmidt talked about hegemonic masculinity, what is this? - correct answer-A theory
that seeks to explain how and why men maintain dominance through the subordination of
women in the social heiarchy
Miller talks about focal concerns, what is this? - correct answer-An attempt to explain lower
class adolescent gangs through learned cultural values which included toughness and
smartness
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