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Summary microbiology
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Pharmaceutical microbiologyIntroduction
Mentimeter
- Gram positive ->Cell wall is made of peptiodoglycan
- Gram negative-> LPS, periplasmic space between cell wall and cyptoplasm, also
peptidoglycan present
- LPS on cell wall (gram negative)
- Are all bacteria able to form spores->No
- Most bacteria are in the colon, least in stomach (because pH).
- MRSA is a bacteria in hospital, staphylococcus aureus is resistant to antibiotics.
- Extrinsic factors can be oxygen
- Spores don’t show metabolism
- Sepsis is often related to LPS
- Salmonella produces exotoxins, which makes it toxic
Q what is done by the Koch postulates, what is discovered?
Survival and growth of microorganism: extrinsic factors (temperature), intrinsic factors (physico-
chemical characteristics)
The combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors will determine the types and numbers of
microorganisms.
Q why pharmaceutical microbiology? Microbial contamination of pharmaceutical preparations may
cause health hazard to patient, altered therapeutic activity of the product and decrease in quality.
Research and development of anti-infective agents (antibiotics) and microorganisms are used in the
manufacture of pharmaceutical products.
Microscopes
- Oldest fundamental tool
- Robert Hook (1635-1703); first known description of microorganisms
Robert Koch-> What is Koch postulates ?
- Pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals,
pathogen must grow in pure culture, cells form a pure culture of the suspected pathogen
must cause disease in a healthy animal, pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the
same as the original.
,Figure 1.29 1843-1910 Koch's postulates
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek: father of the microbiology
- 1676 the discovery of bacteria
- Saw first small animal
- Invented microsomes
Louis Pasteur: theory with swan-necked flask
- Spontaneous created microorganisms (pneuma/vital heat) vs contamination by
microorganisms in the air
- Due to the swam shaped, microorganisms form the outside are trapped while vital heat can
reach the flask
- After a while, no microorganisms were found
- Conclusion: microorganisms can contaminate from the air, disprove the theory of
spontaneous generation
- 1822-1895 chemist by training, chemical reactions were actually catalyzed by
microorganisms.
- Opponent of spontaneous generation
, In 1884 it discovered that bacteria can cause a disease, 1676 the microscope
Q what was the first antibiotics? Salvarsan was first antibiotic
Q what means LUCA?
Q out which microorganisms exist tree of life?
Q what are the characteristics of archaea and bacteria/ eukarya?
LUCA= last universal common ancestor -> ribosome
The tree of which all animals are related to
1. Archaea
Contains many microorganisms which grow under extreme conditions
Not pathogenic
2. Bacteria and eukarya (yeast and molds, fungi)
The majority of the pathogenic and spoilage organisms
The tree of life-> bacteria, archaea and eukarya
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