-evidence-based policy (EBP) is a new approach to improve decisions about what policies to
implement
-EBP seeks to replace ideologically driven politics with more rational decision-making
*its primary focus is on testing the strength of causal claims
*it seeks to reduce the role of ideology and prejudice in policy-making
*it encourages policy-makers to aspire to a model of rational decision-making
-two claims made for EBP:
*it offers solid evidence
*evidence is objective
-evidence is a three-place relationship:
*it is of something
*it is useful to someone
*to use as grounds for accepting some claim
-research results become evidence only when someone decides that they will support the
case they are trying to make
-summary by Davies for the need of methodological rigour:
*ethical concerns: randomly allocating individuals to different interventions raises serious
ethical questions
*learning curves: many interventions may take time to be perfected, when should the
evaluations be undertaken
*variable delivery: the delivery of many interventions may rely on the skills of the deliverer
*interactions: there may be interactions between the intervention deliverer and the
intervention recipient
*individual preferences: individuals may have strong prior preferences that make their
random allocation to groups problematic
*customized interventions: some interventions may need considerable customizing to
individuals to achieve best effect
*lack of group concealment: knowledge of group allocation may lead to changes in
behaviour or attitudes
*contamination: understanding by participants of the nature of the evaluation may lead to
convergence between the groups diminishing any effect sizes
*lack of binding: binding is difficult or impossible for many interventions
*poor compliance: individuals allocated to one intervention or another may fail to comply
with stipulations
-US evidence hierarchy for medical research
*properly powered randomised controlled trials
*well-designed controlled trial without randomization
*well-designed cohort or case-control analytic study
*multiple time series with or without the interventions
, *opinions of respected authorities
-NICE categories of evidence
*from meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
*from at least one randomised controlled trial
*from at least one controlled study without randomisation
*from at least one other the of quasi-experimental study
*from non-experimental descriptive studies
*from expert committee reports or opinions of respected authorities
-the use of an RCT design gives the investigator confidence that differences in outcome
between treatment and control were actually caused by the treatment, since random
assignment equalizes the groups on all other variables
-meta-analysis is a strategy for integrating the findings from multiple studies using statistical
methods aimed at increasing the population size and thereby strengthening the reliability
of the results
-challenges to EBP
*concepts used in empirical social research are framed and chosen by particular groups in
society
-a study has internal validity when the study provides strong warrant for the study results
-a study has external validity when the same intervention has the same result as the RCT
when used with a new population
*problems with judging if the new population is sufficiently similar
>deciding what counts as the same intervention (fidelity to model)
-concepts in the social world are socially constructed
-the social world is an open system in which causal processes are non-linear
*an open system receives input from outside and this creates a problem for evaluating
change within an organization, as we cannot control for all the possible factors that can
influence the organization that are additional to the intervention we are interested in
-evidence hierarchy in EBP should be replaced because of the impression it conveys that
questions about effectiveness are the key issues
-EBP needs to have typologies of research methods for the many different questions that
can be asked with relevance to policy-making
-quantitative research is not necessarily best
-factors that influence policy-making
*information
*interests
*ideologies
*institutions
Tijmstra & Boeije (1.3)
-de sociale wetenschappen bestuderen en onderzoeken het doen en laten van mensen,
, aangeduid met handelen of gedrag
-wetenschappelijk paradigma: een door een groep wetenschappers gedeelde opvatting over
wat wetenschap is, waar een wetenschappelijke theorie aan moet voldoen en op welke
manier wetenschap bedreven dient te worden
-ontologie: zijnsleer, de studie van de dingen die bestaan
-epistemologie: kennislaar, opvattingen over wat als kennis telt en hoe we kennis kunnen
opdoen
-3 paradigma’s
*empirisch-analytische (natuurwetenschappelijke benadering/derderpersoonsperspectief)
>herhaalbaarheid van het onderzoek is belangrijk
>controleerbaarheid van de omstandigheden van het onderzoek is belangrijk
*interpretatieve (eerstepersoonsperspectief)
*kritisch-emancipatoire
-empirisch-analytisch
*men is alleen geïnteresseerd in directe zintuigelijke waarneming
*het positivisme gaat uit van een positieve ontwikkeling in de wetenschap
*het empirisme gaat ervan uit dat alle wetenschappelijke kennis gebaseerd moet zijn op
gedane observaties/waarnemingen
*analytisch: analytische uitspraken hebben een logische opbouw en de betekenis van de
afzonderlijke begrippen is goed gedefinieerd
*nomothetische kennis: kennis waarin wetten geformuleerd worden
*reductionistisch: eenheden worden teruggebracht tot waarden op een aantal variabelen
*derdepersoonsperspectief: de onderzoekers kijken en observeren, maar participeren niet
*intersubjectiviteit: het streven naar overeenstemming binnen de gemeenschap
*de kennis van wetmatigheden worden nagestreefd
*streven naar waardenvrijheid
-interpretatief
*eerstepersoonsperspectief: de onderzoekers kijken door de ogen van de mensen die ze
bestuderen
*het begrijpen van de sociale werkelijkheid staat centraal
*waarneming: een poging tot het begrijpen van wat mensen beweegt
*hermeneutiek: het duiden of uitleggen van teksten door schriftgeleerden
*fenomenologie: het onderzoeken van het wezenlijke van verschijnselen
*er wordt gestreefd naar idiografische kennis: kennis die het eigene/unieke beschrijft
*holistisch: er wordt gekeken naar iets als geheel
*streven naar waardenverheldering
*voorkeur voor kwalitatief onderzoek
-kritisch-emancipatoire
*marxistische traditie
*gekenmerkt door maatschappelijk engagement
*emancipatoir: de bevrijding/emancipatie van sociale overheersing
*kritisch
>maatschappijkritisch
>wetenschapskritisch
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