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CSEP-CPT Theory Exam
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CSEP-CPT Theory Exam
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CSEP-CPT Theory ExamDefine the sagittal plane. What movements occur within this plane? - ANS-- Divides the
body along the midline into left and right halves
- flexion/extension
Define the frontal plane. What movement occurs within this plane? - ANS-- Separates
the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
- abduction/adduction & side flexion
Define the transverse plane. What movement occurs within this plane? - ANS--
Separates the body into superior (toward the head/upper body) and inferior (away from
the head) portions
- internal/external rotation & horizontal flexion/extension & supination/pronation
Define supination - ANS-Lying face up
Define pronation - ANS-Lying face down
Functions of skeletal system - ANS-- provide form, structure and movement of body
- protection of internal organs
- attachment point for muscles
- RBC's produced in bone marrow
- warehouse for calcium, iron, and energy (fat)
How many bones in skeletal system? - ANS-206
What is the axial and appendicular skeleton? - ANS-Axial Skeleton: runs along body's
midline axis (skull, ribs, vertebral column)
Appendicular Skeleton: the limbs, pelvic girdle, and shoulder girdle
What are the 5 classifications of bones? What are some characteristics of each? -
ANS-1) Long Bones
- grow the most throughout life; hollow medullary cavity for bone marrow
2) Short Bones
- as long as they are wide (ie. carpal bones in wrist)
,3) Flat Bones
- very thin in one direction, no medullary cavity (ie. skull bones, hip bones)
4) Irregular Bones
- no regular shape (ie. vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx)
5) Sesamoid Bones
- formed after birth inside tendons; help protect from strains at the joint (ie. patella)
Types of joints and their characteristics: - ANS-1) Synovial Joints:
- most common, have a fluid-filled gap between bones allowing for free ROM &
lubrication
2) Fibrous Joints:
- where bones are very tightly joined; little to no movement (ie. teeth into sockets)
3) Cartilaginous Joints:
- where two bones meet cartilage; provide small flexibility due to gel-like cartilage
How many muscles are there in the human body? - ANS-~700 named
What are the three types of muscle? Are the voluntary or involuntary? - ANS-- smooth
and cardiac muscle: involuntary
- skeletal muscle: voluntary
What is the sarcolemma? What is it's function? - ANS-- the cell membrane of a muscle
fibre
- conducts electrochemical signals that stimulate muscle cells
What is the function of transverse tubules (T-tubules)? - ANS-Help carry
electrochemical signals into the middle of the muscle fiber
What are myofibrils? What are they made up of? - ANS-The contractile structures of a
muscle fiber
- made up of protein fibers arranged into sarcomeres (functional unit of a muscle fiber)
What are thick and thin filaments composed of? - ANS-Thick: bonded units of myosin
protein
Thin: three proteins - actin, tropomyosin, and troponin
,What is the Sliding Filament Model? - ANS-Actin filaments interact with myosin
filaments appearing to "slide" over each other - results in shortening of sarcomere and
hence contraction of the muscle fiber
What is a motor unit? - ANS-A single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
- the less muscle fibers a motor neuron innervates, the more fine motor control that
region has
Difference between ligaments and tendons? - ANS-Ligaments: fibrous connective tissue
connecting bone to bone
Tendons: tough fibrous connective tissue connective muscle to bone
What are the two main phases of contraction? - ANS-1) Isometric Contraction
- no visible shortening of muscle, tension is increasing
- sarcomere is shortening but elastic components parallel to muscle fibre are stretching
2) Isotonic Contraction
- visible shortening of muscle, tension remains constant
What is Bowditch's Law? (The "all-or-nothing" law) - ANS-MU's are either activated all
the way or not at all
- stimulus threshold
What is the Henneman size principle? - ANS-Number of MU's activated is proportional
to stimulus received
- smaller MU's activated first moving to larger MU's at highest threshold
Characteristics of Slow-Twitch Oxidative Fibers (Type 1) - ANS-- Structure: small
diameter, high capillary density, large amount of mitochondria
Metabolic:
- depend on aerobic cellular respiration (lots of ATP but slower because of length of
oxidative pathway)
- Slowest contraction speed b/c of decreased myosin ATPase activity
- high myoglobin levels
- store energy as triglycerides
- Function: endurance (very fatigue resistant), postural muscles (low stimulation
threshold), lowest power production
, Characteristics of Fast Oxidative fibers (Type 2a) - ANS-- Structure: largest diameter,
high capillary density, LOTS of mitochondria, moderate amount of stored glycogen
Metabolic:
- depends on aerobic conditions (uses glucose +oxygen) but can switch to anaerobic
(PCr)
- fast contractility due to high myosin ATPase activity
- myoglobin density relatively high
Function:
- second fiber type recruited; moderate power production
- walking muscles (moderately fatigue resistant ~<30 mins)
- high intensity (ie. sprinting) but for no longer than 1 min.
Characteristics of Fast Glycolytic fibers (Type 2x) - ANS-Structure: intermediate
diameter, low capillary density (very little mitochondria or myoglobin), high glycogen
storage (anaerobic)
Metabolic:
- anaerobic: creatine phosphate pathway and glycogenolysis
- VERY high myosin ATPase activity; fastest contractility
- last fiber type to be recruited
Function:
- quick burst power activities (highest power production, lowest fatigue resistance;
seconds - <1 min)
- weight lifting, sprints etc.
What parts of the body act as: fulcrum, effort force, lever, and load in a biomechanical
system? - ANS-Lever: bone that the muscle moves
Effort Force: the muscle
Fulcrum: the joint
Load: object being moved
What are the majority of levers in the body? What does this look like? - ANS-Third Class
Levers
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