cardiovascular system nur 213 patho questions with
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Cardiovascular System NUR 213 Patho
Preload - ✅✅ -- the volume of blood inside ventricle at end of diastole
- occurs before contraction
- also known as LVEDP (left-ventricular end diastolic volume)
Afterload -✅✅ -- the amount of resistance that the ventricle must overcome in
order to pump blood out of the heart
- force heart has to pump against
- also known as SVR (systemic vascular resistance)
myocardial contractility - ✅✅-- The ability of the heart muscle to contract
cardiac output - ✅✅ -the volume of blood flowing through either the systemic or
pulmonary circuit in liters per minute
ejection fraction -✅✅ -- measurement of the volume percentage of left ventricular
contents ejected with each contraction
- healthy: 60-70% of blood volume is pumped out the left ventricle
- unhealthy: lower than 40% indicates heart failure
✅✅
heart failure - -- weakened ventricular muscle that is unable to sufficiently pump
blood in-to the arterial circulation to meet the needs of the tissues
What is the most common cause of hospitalization? - ✅✅-heart failure
What is the greatest risk factor for the development of Heart Failure? - ✅✅--
hypertension
- more than 75% of patents with HF are treated for hypertension prior to developing
HF
✅✅
What are the four major pathological changes that can lead to the development of
heart failure? - -- increased fluid volume or volume overload
- impaired ventricular filling
- degeneration of ventricular muscle
- decreased ventricular contractile function
major causes of heart failure - ✅✅ -- Repeated ischemic episodes of the heart
- myocardial infarction
- chronic HTN
- COPD
- dysrhythmias
- valvular disorders (mitral insufficiency, aortic stenosis)
- pulmonary embolism
, systolic heart failure - ✅✅-- the weakened ventricle can't contract and eject blood
out of the chamber
- stroke volume and cardiac output are both functions of forward heart pumping
actions are diminished
- blood accumulates in the weakened ventricle, causing increased pressure in the
chamber, causing a backup of hydrostatic pressure in the atrium above
Diastolic Heart Failure - ✅✅ -- ventricles can't relax and fill
- the stiff ventricle can not fill adequately so it pumps out an insufficient amount of
blood
- causes decrease preload, stroke volume, and cardiac output
left ventricular failure (LVF) - ✅✅-- The backward effect of a failing left ventricle
creates a buildup of hydrostatic pressure in the left atrium, pulmonary veins, and
pulmonary capillaries.
- pulmonary edema (fluid into interstitial and intracellular spaces)
- The opening and closing of alveoli against this fluid is heard as crackles through a
stethoscope and is exhibited as cough, dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal
nocturnal dyspnea by the patient.
what occurs to perfusion during LVF? what does this mean? - ✅✅-- perfusion is
diminished
- this causes vital tissues to activate a neurohormonal response that includes the
stimulation of RAAS, ADH, and Sympathetic Nervous System
what happens with the kidney's when they sense decrease perfusion? - ✅✅-- it
releases renin and initiates RAAS
what does the posterior pituitary gland do in response to LVF? - ✅✅
-- it releases
ADH which acts as nephrons to increase water reabsorption into the blood stream,
increasing blood volume
right ventricular failure - ✅✅-- blood backs up in the vena cava causing systemic or
generalized edema
what is RVF associated with? - ✅✅-- Jugular Vein Distention
- Ascites
- Hepatomegaly
- Splenomegaly
- Ankle Edema or Sacral Edema
Cor Pulmonale - ✅✅-- right ventricular failure caused by chronic lung disease
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