Summary Paper 3b: Global Politics essay plans (3.2 political and economic)
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Course
Paper 3: Global Politics
Institution
PEARSON (PEARSON)
Planned every possible question, with both 30 and 12 marks included.
At least 3 examples per point with synoptic links and analysis
Learn these and knowledge will not be a problem for your A Level
12 mark
Examine the main controversies relating to the UN Security Council and
the UN General Assembly (12)
UNSC
I- The structure of the UNSC prevents meaningful change
D- Permanent member system
The capacity for veto
Western dominated
E- 5 permanent members, USA systematically vetoes resolutions regarding
Israel-Palestine. E.g October 2023, veto of humanitarian pause. Vetoes total
of 46 times
China and Russia veto statement regarding Myanmar
A- Reflects the realist view that states are self-interested
Can catalyse effective action
UK and France no longer as relevant, India and Brazil would be more relevant
as growing economies
UNGA
I- The UNGA is weak when taking meaningful action, unlike UNSC
D- Resolutions are not binding
Not enforceable by international law
Symbolic
E- e.g slow response to 1994 Rwandan genocide
Ineffectiveness at addressing Syrian conflict
A- Liberal would argue this is a symbol of global democracy due to the equal
split across all members
Greater diversity of membership unlike UNSC
Weak
Clashes across powerful members
,Examine the main differences between neoclassical economic theory and
world systems theory (12)
I- Neoclassical economic theory supports free market capitalism
D- Follows Adam’s 1776 theory that free market generates wealth
Less subsidies= more wealth= more job opportunities
Contrasts dependency theory which is a left-wing critique which believes free market
leads to exploitation
E- China’s 1978 Open door policy, lifted 600 million out of poverty, providing job
opportunities
Uses restrictive economic blockade to prevent outflow of scarce local raw materials,
avoids exploitation
A- The core roots of each theories are based on the ideological position of the
theorist, Adam Smith is conservative whilst world systems has leftist position
World systems believes that economic inequality cannot be removed by liberalisation
but through the removal of structural inequality
I- World systems theory believes there is an inherent structural imbalance
D- Believes in a core-periphery model
Where core states are able to impose neo-colonialism through exploitation
Believe peripheral states are left reliant on mass-manufactured food and poorly
developed products
Whilst neoclassical economic theory believes there is a comparative advantage
which gives all states the opportunity for economic development
E- Collapse of a factory in bangladesh which Primark outsourced to, killed 300
people
Banana republic where Central American countries were dominated by foreign
companies- Honduras and Guatemala where United Fruit Company exploited
internal politics to create vast plantations
Comparative advantage of India with electronics and call centres due to education
and population
A- world systems believes there is an inherent imbalance which cannot be removed
under the free market. Neoclassical thinks the free market provides opportunity for
rapid economic development and that all states have opportunity
, Examine the criticisms that have been made of the IMF and the World
Bank
I- IMF threatens state sovereignty and leads to long term poverty
D- SAPs and loan conditionality
States forced to adopt neoliberal policy
E- Greece 2020-18
from the period 1990 to 2006, positive relationship between infant mortality and the presence
of an AfDB and IMF structural adjustment loan
A- can reduce short term poverty
Austerity leads to the breakdown of social services
States forced to reject own policy
I- The World Bank ignores social and environmental impacts
D- forced displacement of communities
Destruction of ecosystems
Human rights violations
E- estimated 3.4 million displaced by their projects
Land conservation project in Kenya where indigenous people evicted
A- Supports of capitalist theory would argue the economic benefits outweigh
social costs
Hydroelectric power is good for environment
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