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Class 11th CBSE ch-1 notes part -1
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SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRYSOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
1. CHEMISTRY 2. MATTER
Chemistry is defined as the study of the composition, Matter is defined as any thing that occupies space
properties and interaction of matter. Chemistry is often possesses mass and the presence of which can be felt by
any one or more of our five senses.
called the central science because of its role in connecting
the physical sciences, which include chemistry, with the Matter can exist in 3 physical states viz. solid, liquid, gas.
life sciences and applied sciences such as medicine and Solid - a substance is said to be solid if it possesses a
engineering. definite volume and a definite shape, e.g., sugar, iron, gold,
wood etc.
Various branches of chemistry are
Liquid- A substance is said to be liquid, if it possesses a
1.1 Physical chemistry definite volume but no definite shape. They take up the
shape of the vessel in which they are put, e.g., water, milk,
The branch of chemistry concerned with the way in which oil, mercury, alcohol etc.
the physical properties of substances depend on and Gas- a substance is said to be gaseous if it neither possesses
influence their chemical structure, properties, and reactions. definite volume nor a definite shape. This is because they
fill up the whole vessel in which they are put, e.g., hydrogen,
1.2 Inorganic chemistry
oxygen etc.
The branch of chemistry which deals with the structure, The three states are interconvertible by changing the
composition and behavior of inorganic compounds. All the conditions of temperature and pressure as follows
substances other than the carbon-hydrogen compounds
are classified under the group of inorganic substances.
1.3 Organic chemistry
The discipline which deals with the study of the structure,
composition and the chemical properties of organic
compounds is known as organic chemistry.
1.4 Biochemistry
The discipline which deals with the structure and behavior
of the components of cells and the chemical processes in
living beings is known as biochemistry.
1.5 Analytical chemistry 3. CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER AT
MACROSCOPIC LEVELL
The branch of chemistry dealing with separation,
identification and quantitative determination of the At the macroscopic or bulk level, matter can be classified as
compositions of different substances. (a) mixtures (b) pure substances.
, SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
These can be further sub-divided as shown below
Pure substances can be further classified into elements
and compounds.
Element- An element is defined as a pure substance that
contains only one kind of particles. Depending upon the
physical and chemical properties, the elements are further
subdivided into three classes, namely (1) Metals (2) Non-
metals and (3) Metalloids.
Compound- A compound is a pure substance containing
two or more than two elements combined together in a fixed
proportion by mass. Further, the properties of a compound
are completely different from those of its constituent
elements. Moreover, the constituents of a compound
cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical
(a) Mixtures : A mixture contains two or more substances
methods. They can be separated by chemical methods.
present in it (in any ratio) which are called its
components. A mixture may be homogeneous or
4. PROPERTIES OF MATTER
heterogeneous.
Homogeneous mixture- in homogeneous mixture the Every substance has unique or characteristic properties.
components completely mix with each other and its These properties can be classified into two categories –
composition is uniform throughout i.e it consist of only physical properties and chemical properties.
one phase. Sugar solution and air are thus, the examples of
homogeneous mixtures. 4.1 Physical Properties
Heterogeneous mixtures- In heterogeneous mixture the
Physical properties are those properties which can be
composition is not uniform throughout and sometimes the
different phases can be observed. For example, grains and measured or observed without changing the identity or the
pulses along with some dirt (often stone) pieces, are composition of the substance. Some examples of physical
heterogeneous mixtures. properties are color, odor, melting point, boiling point,
density etc.
4.2 Chemical properties
Any distinct portion of matter that is uniform throughout Chemical properties are those in which a chemical change
in composition and properties is called a Phase. in the substance occurs. The examples of chemical properties
are characteristic reactions of different substances; these
(b) Pure substances :- A material containing only one
include acidity or basicity, combustibility etc.
substance is called a pure substance.
5. MEASUREMENT
5.1 Physical quantities
In chemistry, a substance is a form of matter that has
constant chemical composition and characteristic All such quantities which we come across during our
properties. It cannot be separated into components by scientific studies are called Physical quantities. Evidently,
physical separation methods, i.e. without breaking the measurement of any physical quantity consists of two
chemical bonds. They can be solids, liquids or gases. parts
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