Summary 2024/2025 AQA GCSE GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 SECTION C: THE CHALLENGE OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
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Course
Geography
Institution
GCSE
2024/2025 AQA GCSE GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 SECTION C: THE CHALLENGE OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
CASE STUDIES: LESOTHO HIGHLAND WATER PROJECT, THE WAKAL RIVER BASIN
Detailed notes of all topics that relate to the specification, presented neatly to help achieve a grade 9. Targeted at AQA but useful for other ...
Paper 2: Section C: The challenge of Resource Management
Resource Management:
Resource – a stock/ supply of something that has value/ purpose. Adequate supply of food/water/energy resources
is required for a country to develop, yet these are unevenly distributed across the globe, leading to inequality of
quality of life.
Resource management – the control and monitoring of resources so that they don’t become exhausted.
Development – the progress of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of technology and human welfare.
The significance of food, water and energy to economic development and social well-being:
Food, water, and energy are fundamental to human life and human development, death otherwise.
Humans can survive for 3-4 weeks without food, but only 3-4 days without water.
Water - Humans need to drink water to survive. The water must be clean and not contain water-borne
diseases like cholera, which can kill humans.
- Water can be used to sanitise, maintain hygiene, and other domestic usage.
- Animals and livestock need water to grow and survive.
- Industries need water for irrigation, cleaning, cooling, and extracting raw materials.
- As a source of energy HEP.
- Water can be polluted by industrial pollution or contaminated with bacteria - water pollution
affects developed and developing nations.
Imbalance in water supply is due to variations in climate and rainfall; additionally, rainwater needs to be
captured in reservoirs/ underground aquifers which is an expensive process that requires high levels of
investment which most LICs cannot afford, causing further inequality.
Energy Useful energy is generated by burning wood, burning fossil fuels or by solar/hydroelectric power.
- Vehicles (cars, buses, planes, ships, and lorries) need energy to transport food, clothing, water,
and everything else.
- Manufacturing and secondary industries need energy to transform raw materials into useful
products.
- Humans need energy to create heat, allowing them to survive in cold winters, and cook foods.
- Secure sources of energy are vital to a developed economy.
Countries that can sustainably produce more energy usually have a higher standard of living.
Food Malnourishment - the description of eating less than the required calories per day (2000-2400).
Undernutrition - a poorly balanced diet lacking in minerals which leads to a range of illness.
Crops are produced by farming. Animals are reared (raised) eating crops.
No food so people die of starvation/famine; Not enough food so body has low energy, has a less
effective immune system, can do less manual labour, and can do less thinking, and do less work.
These things are bad for people's quality of life, the productivity of their work and the economic
development of a country.
An overview of global inequalities in the supply and consumption of resources.
How are resources Some countries have more/less access to different resources (all, none, a few, other few).
distributed? The DRC has 52% of all the surface water in Africa.
The producers in LICs receive small shares of retail price because 2/3 of them are casual
workers with no job security or benefits.
Some economists believe that the UK developed rapidly because it had good access to coal
(energy), had a good climate and fertile farmland (food), and natural water sources (lakes,
reservoirs, and underground aquifers).
Where are If a country doesn't have a resource, it usually uses technology to access it, or it imports it
resources from another country. Historically, it may lead to war. Colonialism could be explained by a
consumed? desire to secure resources.
High-income countries (HICs) have more money and usually consume more resources
because they can afford to. They can import resources cheaply from other countries.
The DRC is a low-income country. 58% of all the DRC's exports go to China, who purchase
raw materials cheaply from the DRC.
Newly emerging Consumption is growing very quickly in NEEs like China, India, Indonesia, and Brazil.
economies (NEEs) The increasing consumption of energy resources is a particular problem globally because
burning fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide, which contributes to the greenhouse effect.
, Overview of Food in the UK:
The growing demand for high-value food exports from LICs and all-year demand for seasonal food and organic
produce:
UK consumers want the best food all year round. Trends like organic, free-range, exotic abroad, out-of-season and
artificial meat are also growing in popularity by migration of cultures and an all-year demand for food.
Growing demand Exotic high-value fruits from abroad is due to growth of ethnic restaurant demands and
for high-value tourism that changed UK’s eating habits. These exotic produce are high-value due to storage,
exotic foods from harvesting (e.g. hand-picked so labour-intensive) and transport costs despite cheap seeds.
LICs abroad. - Bananas are a cheap fruit and often grown in low-income Central American countries
by the Chiquita or Del Monte companies, before being sold in the UK.
- Exports of high-value Mangetout is Kenya’s biggest source of income as UK customers
are willing to pay higher prices for exotic foods when they’re out of season in UK.
Meat is popular in developing and developed nations: In 2012, the UK imported 86,000
tonnes of lamb and 73% of this came from New Zealand. Eating meat is often a sign of wealth.
Demand for Organic foods – foods grown without using certain pesticides, herbicides, fertilisers, or
organic produce. chemicals that accelerate the food's growth or to kill off insects. They are often expensive due
to high labour costs.
Free range - any animals are kept in natural living conditions with free movement.
There is a trend towards veganism and artificial meat (Impossible Foods).
- Riverford Organic Farms (Devon) delivers boxes of organic veg across the UK to reduce
food miles, support local farmers, and provide local employment.
Demand for All-year demand for seasonal foods that must be transported from other distant countries
seasonal food all with high costs and greenhouse gas emissions.
year round. Until the rise of the supermarkets, people shopped at local greengrocers that sold only
seasonal fruit & veg from local farms. Now, the supermarkets import food from all over the
world to offer fruit and vegetables all year round.
- The British strawberry season lasts 6-20 weeks. The rest of the year, strawberries
must be imported from countries like Spain, Morocco, Mexico, Israel or Jordan.
- Avocados are popular in the UK. They cannot be grown here and are imported from
Central America and Latin America.
How does food demand impact the UK: The Carbon Footprint of Food:
Larger carbon footprints due to the increasing number of ‘ food miles’ travelled, and moves towards local sourcing
of food:
As climate change becomes more of a problem, consumers are becoming more aware of the carbon footprint behind
their food. The carbon footprint (the emission of greenhouse gases that come from the production, transportation,
use and end-of-life of a product or service) of food is made up of:
Growing the Livestock (especially cows) produce greenhouse gases like methane which contribute to the
food greenhouse effect and global warming.
Agriculture in the UK creates 12% of the UK's greenhouse gas emissions (however
photosynthesising crops and biomass may reduce this percentage due to its carbon-neutral effect).
Packaging Food is usually packaged in factories using machinery.
the food The machines need energy to package the food and this energy is often created by burning fossil
fuels, which release greenhouse gases (including carbon dioxide).
People dislike plastic waste, but transporting food in reusable glass makes it heavier and will mean
it creates even more carbon dioxide when it is transported.
Transporting Food miles refer to how far food is transported from farm to table. Most food is transported by
the food container ship or air.
The further it travels, the larger its carbon footprint; there are exceptions such as tomatoes’ carbon
footprint grown in UK greenhouses is 3X larger than imported from Spain.
- Avocados are popular in the UK. They cannot be grown here and are imported from Central
America and Latin America.
- Bananas usually come from Central America or Latin America.
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