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Samenvatting Internationale Economie
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Deze samenvatting Internationale economie bevat hoofdstuk 1 t.e.m. 12. Academiejaar , professor K. De Bruyne.
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3e bachelor HandelswetenschappenInternationale
economie
Professor K. De Bruyne
Academiejaar 2023-2024
,INHOUDSOPGAVE
H1: WAT IS INTERNATIONALE ECONOMIE? ...................................................................................................... 4
1.1. ALGEMEEN ....................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2. STIJGING VAN DE HANDELSSTROMEN ....................................................................................................... 4
Is de handelsbalans in evenwicht (EX = IM)?............................................................................................... 5
openheidsgraad economie ........................................................................................................................ 5
Conclusie................................................................................................................................................... 6
Regional Trade Agreements (RTA) ............................................................................................................. 6
H2: WERELDHANDEL ........................................................................................................................................ 7
2.1. WIE HANDELT ER MET WIE? ........................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1. Graviteitsmodel ............................................................................................................................... 7
2.2. OP ZOEK NAAR AFWIJKINGEN.......................................................................................................................... 8
2.3. VERANDEREND PATROON VAN WERELDHANDEL ................................................................................................... 9
2.3.1. Is de wereld kleiner geworden? ........................................................................................................ 9
2.2.2. Welke goederen worden verhandeld? .............................................................................................. 9
2.2.3. Outsourcing/offshoring .................................................................................................................... 9
H3: ARBEIDSPRODUCTIVITEIT EN COMPARATIEVE VOORDELEN - HET RICARDIAANSE MODEL....................... 10
3.1. LANDEN DRIJVEN HANDEL OMWILLE VAN 2 REDENEN .......................................................................................... 10
3.2. RICARDIAANS MODEL ................................................................................................................................. 10
3.2.1 kernconcepten Model van Ricardo ............................................................................................ 10
Voorbeeld – verschil absoluut en comparatief voordeel ............................................................................ 11
3.3. COMPARATIEF VOORDEEL MET 2 GOEDEREN..................................................................................................... 11
3.3.1. Relatieve productie en relatieve prijzen zonder handel ................................................................... 11
3.3.2. Relatieve productie en relatieve prijzen met handel ........................................................................ 13
3.3.3. Voordelen van handel .................................................................................................................... 15
3.3.4. Relatieve lonen .............................................................................................................................. 16
3.3.5. Misvattingen over comparatief voordeel ........................................................................................ 17
3.4. COMPARATIEF VOORDEEL MET MEERDERE GOEDEREN ................................................................................ 17
Bepalen relatieve lonen ........................................................................................................................... 18
3.5. EMPIRISCHE EVIDENTIE MBT. HET RICARDIAANS MODEL .............................................................................. 18
H4: SPECIFIEKE FACTOREN EN INKOMENSVERDELING .................................................................................... 19
4.1 INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................... 19
4.2 HET SPECIFIEKE FACTORENMODEL ............................................................................................................. 19
assumpties .............................................................................................................................................. 19
uitwerking ............................................................................................................................................... 19
GPM in het specifieke factorenmodel ....................................................................................................... 20
Prijzen, lonen en arbeidsallocatie ............................................................................................................. 21
4.3 INTERNATIONALE HANDEL IN HET SPECIFIEKE FACTOREN MODEL ...................................................................... 24
4.4 INKOMENSVERDELING EN DE WINSTEN UIT HANDEL ....................................................................................... 25
Wie wint/verliest bij handel? ................................................................................................................... 25
Budgetvergelijking................................................................................................................................... 25
H5: PRODUCTIEMIDDELEN EN HANDEL - HET HECKSCHER-OHLIN MODEL ...................................................... 26
5.1 INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................... 26
5.2 MODEL VAN EEN TWEE-FACTOR ECONOMIE ................................................................................................. 26
assumpties .............................................................................................................................................. 26
Productiemogelijkheden .......................................................................................................................... 27
Verband factorprijzen en inzet PF ............................................................................................................ 28
Verband factor- en goederenprijzen ......................................................................................................... 28
Verband goederenprijzen en inzet PF ....................................................................................................... 29
Verband PF en output .............................................................................................................................. 29
5.3 INTERNATIONALE HANDEL TUSSEN TWEE-FACTORECONOMIEËN ........................................................................ 30
1
, Voordelen van handel .............................................................................................................................. 31
5.4 FACTORPRIJSEGALISATIE ......................................................................................................................... 31
5.5 EMPIRISCHE EVIDENTIE .......................................................................................................................... 32
HOOFDSTUK 7: EXTERNE SCHAALVOORDELEN EN DE INTERNATIONALE LOCATIE VAN PRODUCTIE ............... 34
7.1 INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................... 34
7.2 SCHAALVOORDELEN EN MARKTSTRUCTUUR ................................................................................................. 34
externe schaalvoordelen .......................................................................................................................... 34
Interne schaalvoordelen (H8) ................................................................................................................... 35
7.3 EXTERNE SCHAALVOORDELEN EN INTERNATIONALE HANDEL ............................................................................. 35
handelspatroon ....................................................................................................................................... 35
Effect externe schaalvoordelen op productie en prijs ................................................................................ 35
Effect externe schaalvoordelen op welvaart ............................................................................................. 36
7.4 DYNAMISCH TOENEMENDE SCHAALVOORDELEN............................................................................................ 36
7.5 INTERNATIONALE HANDEL EN ECONOMISCHE GEOGRAFIE ................................................................................ 37
HOOFDSTUK 8: INTERNE SCHAALVOORDELEN................................................................................................ 38
8.1 THEORIE VAN IMPERFECTE MEDEDINGING ................................................................................................... 38
Monopolie............................................................................................................................................... 38
Oligopolie................................................................................................................................................ 38
Monopolistische mededinging ................................................................................................................. 38
8.2 MONOPOLISTISCHE MEDEDINGING EN HANDEL .................................................................................................. 38
Wat zijn nu de resultaten van de creatie van een geïntegreerde markt? ................................................... 40
8.3 INTERNE SCHAALVOORDELEN EN COMPARATIEF VOORDEEL GECOMBINEERD: WAT IS NU................................................ 40
HET HANDELSPATROON? .................................................................................................................................... 40
Assumpties.............................................................................................................................................. 40
HOOFDSTUK 9: INSTRUMENTEN VAN HANDELSBELEID .................................................................................. 41
9.1 INSTRUMENTEN VAN HANDELSBELEID ........................................................................................................ 41
Tarifaire belemmeringen ......................................................................................................................... 41
Niet-tarifaire belemmeringen .................................................................................................................. 41
9.2 INVLOED VAN DOUANERECHTEN OP HANDEL EN PRIJZEN ....................................................................................... 41
Assumpties.............................................................................................................................................. 41
wereldprijs en het wereldaanbod ............................................................................................................. 41
Ruilvoet................................................................................................................................................... 42
douanerecht............................................................................................................................................ 43
veronderstelling: groot land = importerend land ...................................................................................... 43
Meten van kosten en baten ..................................................................................................................... 44
9.3 EXPORTSUBSIDIE ........................................................................................................................................ 45
9.4 SAMENVATTING .................................................................................................................................... 46
HOOFDSTUK 10: POLITIEKE ECONOMIE VAN HET HANDELSBELEID................................................................. 47
10.1 HANDELSBELEID EN ALGEMENE WELVAART: WAAROM BASEREN LANDEN HUN BELEID NIET ALTIJD OP DE KOSTEN-
BATENANALYSE VAN ECONOMISTEN? .................................................................................................................... 47
Waarom opteren voor vrijhandel? ........................................................................................................... 47
Waarom afwijken van vrijhandel? ........................................................................................................... 48
10.2 INTERNATIONALE HANDELSOVEREENKOMSTEN ................................................................................................. 49
Wat doet WTO? ...................................................................................................................................... 49
Doha ronde: waarom geen succes? .......................................................................................................... 49
H12: CONTROVERSEN IN HET HANDELSBELEID ............................................................................................... 51
12.1 ARGUMENTEN VOOR HANDELSBESCHERMING: MARKTFALEN................................................................................ 51
Externaliteiten ......................................................................................................................................... 51
Strategisch handelsbeleid met imperfecte medediging ............................................................................. 51
12.2 ARGUMENTEN AANGAANDE HANDEL EN MENSEN ............................................................................................. 52
Handel en lage lonen ............................................................................................................................... 52
Handel en milieu ..................................................................................................................................... 52
2
, Handel en cultuur .................................................................................................................................... 52
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