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PATHO FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FULLY VERIFIED #15
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PATHO FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FULLYVERIFIED #15
A 55-year-old man with emphysema (a type of chronic lung disease) who has smoked 2
packs of cigarettes per day for 40 years is hospitalized for acute onset of cough
productive of bloody sputum (sputum=secretions from deep in the lungs). After a few
days of testing and treatment, the patient's nurse reads a physician's note on the chart:
"I have told the patient that the etiologies of his hemoptysis are: 1) exacerbation of his
chronic emphysema and 2) the new diagnosis of lung cancer. The onsets of both were
contributed to by his longstanding smoking."
The patient asks the nurse for more information. Which of the following explanations to
the patient best indicates a full understanding of the patient's situation?
A. "You have a disease process that was iatrogenically caused by cigarette smoking."
B. "You have a sudden onset of a chronic lung disease that was brought on by lung
cancer."
C. "The coughing up of blood - correct answer c. "The coughing up of blood is caused
by a worsening of a disease you've had for a long time, plus a new problem-- lung
cancer."
A 55-year-old man with emphysema (a type of chronic lung disease) who has smoked 2
packs of cigarettes per day for 40 years is hospitalized for acute onset of cough
productive of bloody sputum (sputum=secretions from deep in the lungs). After a few
days of testing and treatment, the patient's nurse reads a physician's note on the chart:
"I have told the patient that the etiologies of his hemoptysis are: 1) exacerbation of his
chronic emphysema and 2) the new diagnosis of lung cancer. The onsets of both were
contributed to by his longstanding smoking."
Based on all the information you have on the patient, which statement is most likely
correct?
A. The patient has a poor prognosis because of the comorbidities of lung cancer and
cigarette smoking.
B. Lung cancer was a sequela of the bloody sputum.
C. A precipitating factor for the acute hospitalization was overexertion when the patient
started an exercise class.
D. H - correct answer d. Heavy cigarette smoking was a risk factor in the patient's
developing emphysema and lung cancer.
An 80-year-old patient is in shock from loss of blood following an accident. His vital
signs are: BP 80/50 (normal ~ 120/80), HR 120 (norm = 60-100), RR 20 (norm = 12 to
20), T 98.6 (norm ~ 98.6).
In assessing this patient, the nurse understands that the abnormal HR is
A. Probably the etiology for the patient's low BP.
B. Due to the patient's heart compensating for low blood volume by pumping faster.
, C. The normal compensatory response of shunting blood volume to the periphery.
D. Due to multiple risk factors. - correct answer b. Due to the patient's heart
compensating for low blood volume by pumping faster.
An 80-year-old patient is in shock from loss of blood following an accident. His vital
signs are: BP 80/50 (normal ~ 120/80), HR 120 (norm = 60-100), RR 20 (norm = 12 to
20), T 98.6 (norm ~ 98.6).
The patient would also most likely have all of the following EXCEPT
A. S&S of cool feet and hands from the body's compensatory response to shock.
B. S&S of feeling faint and weak from blood loss.
C. A risk factor of shock.
D. A more guarded (ie, "poorer") prognosis because of his age. - correct answer c. A
risk factor of shock.
A young, otherwise healthy patient is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of heart
failure of unknown cause. The etiology of the heart failure would be termed
A. Iatrogenic.
B. Idiopathic.
C. Nosocomial.
D. Acute. - correct answer b. Idiopathic.
A 55 year old male is in the ER having a myocardial infarction (heart attack, AKA "M.I."),
which is caused by coronary arteries that are clogged with fat and narrowed so that not
enough oxygen-rich blood is getting to his heart. He admits that his daily nutrition is
poor, consisting mainly of high-fat fast food. He has a family history of cardiac disease--
his father had a heart attack at age 46. The patient is obese and is a heavy cigarette
smoker-- 2 PPD (packs per day). The patient said he had decided to take up jogging
today and after a few minutes began having chest pain, nausea and shortness of
breath. He went to the ER and was noted to have profuse diaphoresis (heavy sweating),
tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and significant changes on his electrocardiogram (ECG
or EKG). The patient recovers from this acute heart attack but his heart is so damaged
that subsequently he has many episodes of congestive heart fail - correct answer d.
Oxygen not reaching tissue that is distal to narrowing of the coronary arteries.
A 55 year old male is in the ER having a myocardial infarction (heart attack, AKA "M.I."),
which is caused by coronary arteries that are clogged with fat and narrowed so that not
enough oxygen-rich blood is getting to his heart. He admits that his daily nutrition is
poor, consisting mainly of high-fat fast food. He has a family history of cardiac disease--
his father had a heart attack at age 46. The patient is obese and is a heavy cigarette
smoker-- 2 PPD (packs per day). The patient said he had decided to take up jogging
today and after a few minutes began having chest pain, nausea and shortness of
breath. He went to the ER and was noted to have profuse diaphoresis (heavy sweating),
tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and significant changes on his electrocardiogram (ECG
or EKG). The patient recovers from this acute heart attack but his heart is so damaged
, that subsequently he has many episodes of congestive heart fail - correct answer b.
Having profuse diaphoresis.
A 55 year old male is in the ER having a myocardial infarction (heart attack, AKA "M.I."),
which is caused by coronary arteries that are clogged with fat and narrowed so that not
enough oxygen-rich blood is getting to his heart. He admits that his daily nutrition is
poor, consisting mainly of high-fat fast food. He has a family history of cardiac disease--
his father had a heart attack at age 46. The patient is obese and is a heavy cigarette
smoker-- 2 PPD (packs per day). The patient said he had decided to take up jogging
today and after a few minutes began having chest pain, nausea and shortness of
breath. He went to the ER and was noted to have profuse diaphoresis (heavy sweating),
tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and significant changes on his electrocardiogram (ECG
or EKG). The patient recovers from this acute heart attack but his heart is so damaged
that subsequently he has many episodes of congestive heart fail - correct answer c.
High levels of fat in the blood from high-fat dietclogs in coronary arteries develop over
time oxygenated blood cannot get to distal tissues of heartunoxygenated tissues "cry
out" (send pain messages to brain) patient complains of chest pain.
A 55 year old male is in the ER having a myocardial infarction (heart attack, AKA "M.I."),
which is caused by coronary arteries that are clogged with fat and narrowed so that not
enough oxygen-rich blood is getting to his heart. He admits that his daily nutrition is
poor, consisting mainly of high-fat fast food. He has a family history of cardiac disease--
his father had a heart attack at age 46. The patient is obese and is a heavy cigarette
smoker-- 2 PPD (packs per day). The patient said he had decided to take up jogging
today and after a few minutes began having chest pain, nausea and shortness of
breath. He went to the ER and was noted to have profuse diaphoresis (heavy sweating),
tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and significant changes on his electrocardiogram (ECG
or EKG). The patient recovers from this acute heart attack but his heart is so damaged
that subsequently he has many episodes of congestive heart fail - correct answer a.
Having to be hospitalized frequently because of problems associated with the damaged
heart.
After not eating since breakfast 6 hours ago, a student taking a test notices a period of
hunger and fatigue. He doesn't have access to food because he is taking the test. About
10 minutes later, though, he begins to feel ok again and finishes the test with flying
colors. What has happened in his body?
A. A compensatory response called glycogenolysis allowed him to access stored
glucose for energy.
B. A decompensatory response occurred, in which adrenalin increased and caused
more blood flow to the brain.
C. Since his blood sugar was likely low, the heart underwent a compensatory response
Known as hypertrophy in order to increase blood flow to central organs.
D. Using a control mechanism known as hyperventilation, the student was able to
"blow off" excess CO2 and thus have a clearer thinking process. - correct answer a. A
compensatory response called glycogenolysis allowed him to access stored glucose for
energy.
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