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A4M written exam questions and answers latest update
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A4M written exam questions and answers latest update
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A4M written exam questions and answers latest updateMechanism of action of curcumin Supplement whose mechanism includes decreasing tau phosphorylation and reducing COX-2 expression. - Correct Answer - Curcumin is an inhibitor of phosphorylase kinase. It decreases tau phosphorylation; reduces COX-2 expression; inhibits NF-kB.
Stimulates neutrophils and macrophages to kill microorganism. Nontoxic and does not cause microbial resistance. Useful for treatment of intracellular organisms. - Correct Answer - Olive leaf extract
Rate of secretion of PSA from prostate / day? - Correct Answer - 0.07 ng / mL
Mineral responsible for increasing renal intra-glomerular pressure and decreasing arterial compliance - Correct Answer - Sodium
How much does potassium decrease BP? - Correct Answer - Supplementing potassium 60-120 mEG day may decrease SBP / DBP by 4/2.5 mm HG
Actions of Magnesium on BP: are - Correct Answer - - Acts as a calcium channel blocker
- Regulates insulin sensitivity
- Regulates pH
- Increases arterial compliance via endothelial vasodilatation
T or F: omega-6 fatty acids decrease blood pressure - Correct Answer - False (although may indirectly affect BP through effects on saturated fatty acids)
Recommended intake of calcium to reduce HTN - Correct Answer - > 800 mg / day may reduce incidence of HTN
T or F: soy protein decreases blood pressure and increases arterial compliance - Correct Answer - True; recommended in fermented form; 30-40 gm / day for hypertensive individuals
T or F: omega-9 fatty acids found in olive oil have beneficial effects on both blood pressure and cholesterol - Correct Answer - True Effects of garlic on HTN - Correct Answer - garlic acts as a natural ACE-I, CCB and increases arterial compliance via increase of NO production
T or F: The gamma isomer of Vitamin E is more potent than the alpha isomer in lipid lowering effects - Correct Answer - True
Most potent B vitamin; lowers blood pressure via multiple mechanisms - Correct Answer - Vitamin B6. Increases bioavailability of coA and decreases cholesterol synthesis. Also reduces oxLDL. Increases HDL, reduces LDL and triglycerides.
T or F: There is strong evidence for Guggul in treatment of cholesterol - Correct Answer - False
T or F: Niacin is the most effective currently known agent for increasing HDL - Correct Answer - True
Which infectious agents have been linked to development of MS plaques in brain? - Correct Answer - Mycoplasma pneumoniae and EBV
T or F: 20% of MS patients have been shown to have gluten sensitivity - Correct Answer - True
What pharmaceutical / nutriceutical agents have been shown to be helpful in treatment of MS? - Correct Answer - Alpha lipoic acid; minocycline; doxycycline; memantine; NAC; Vitamin B12; phosphatidyl serine; Coenzyme Q10; HRT with estrogen / estriol; hyperbaric oxygen therapy
What are the risk factors for sub-arachnoid hemorrhage (rupture of cerebral aneurysm)? - Correct Answer - Hypertension; smoking; oral contraceptive usage; usage of stimulants
What is the mechanism of action of migraine headache? - Correct Answer - Extreme cerebral vasoconstriction followed by vaso-dilatation
Which neuro-transmitter deficiencies have been implicated in the development of migraine headaches? - Correct Answer - GABA and serotonin
T or F: thymectomy is recommended for treatment of myasthenia gravis - Correct Answer - False; current evidence does not support thymus removal due to risks of surgery and lack of evidence; however, 70% of patients with myasthenia gravis have thymus hypertrophy and 10-15% have thymomas. IVIG may be helpful for management of myasthenia gravis.
T or F: many of the pharmacologic treatment options for demential increase homocysteine levels, which may directly contribute to cognitive decline - Correct Answer - T
T or F: consumption of milk > 16 oz / day over a 30 year time period leads to a 230% increased risk of Alzheimer's disease - Correct Answer - T
Which areas of the brain are affected in a SPECT scan of a patient with Alzheimer's disease? - Correct Answer - Posterior cingulate gyrus; parietal and temporal lobes What area of the brain is affected in a SPECT scan of a patient with Lewy Body dementia? - Correct Answer - Occipital lobe
T or F: IGG to periodontal bacteria is elevated in patients with dementia - Correct Answer - True
What abnormalities are found in the brain on autopsy of patients with Alzheimer's disease? - Correct Answer - Beta-amyloid plaque and neuro-fibrillary tangles. Neurofibrillary tangles are formed from mutations on tau protein. Beta-amyloid plaques are formed from breakdown of APP (amyloid precursor protein). Beta amyloid causes destruction in brain parenchyma by combining with salt and water in the brain. It also causes influx of calcium into neurons, leading to apoptosis.
Type of dementia associated with protein deposits known as alpha-synuclein; visual hallucinations; low dopamine levels - Correct Answer - Lewy body dementia
What is mechanism for brain injury from concussion? - Correct Answer - - Excitotoxic reaction mediated by increased extracellular glutamate / aspartate and increased intracellular calcium
- Microglia (normally dormant) become activated and release ROS; inflammatory prostaglandins; cytokines and chemokines
- High levels of extracellular glutamate reduce astrocytic glutathione
Type of dementia most commonly caused by abnormalities on tau protein. Characterized by uninhibited behavior, primary aphasia, lack of insight - Correct Answer - Frontal Lobe Dementia
What area of the adrenal gland are the sex hormones produced? - Correct Answer - Zona reticularis
Where is aldosterone produced in adrenal gland? - Correct Answer - Zona granulosa (outer layer)
T or F: both Curcumin and Resveratrol cross the BBB and are helpful in treatment of both TBI and dementia - Correct Answer - True. Resveratrol improves beta amyloid clearance from brain.
How many genes do humans have? - Correct Answer - Humans have 23,000 genes - only 1.5% of which code for proteins
Which estrogen metabolite is protective against breast and ovarian cancer? - Correct Answer - 2 methoxy estrone
T or F: High blood insulin levels inhibit the conversion of saturated fatty acids to MUFA's, leading to elevated blood triglycerides - Correct Answer - True
What is the first sign of pancreatic insufficiency? - Correct Answer - Deficiency in pancreatic lipase or elastase.
How do nutrients such as carnosine and vitamin B1 help to reduce HA1c? - Correct Answer - Interferes with glycosylation of proteins
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