BIOL 201: Microbiology - Nonspecific
Lines of Defense - Ivy Tech: Lawrence
Species Defense - ANS-Because cells have a base physiological process, the process
of human pathogens are incompatible with most plant and animal pathogens. i.e.
chemical receptors don't exist in humans, pH or temperature of the human body are
incompatible with the pathogen
Innate immunity - ANS-The first two lines of defense
First line of defense - ANS-Physical barrier
Second line of defense - ANS-internal defense composed of protective cells,
bloodborne chemicals, processes that inactivate or kill invaders
adaptive immunity - ANS-lymphocytes alter body's defense to respond to specific
threats
Skin's role in innate immunity - ANS-1. dendrites, 2. continual replacement of cells
provide a nonspecific defense, 3. defensins & derm 4. lysozome, 5. sebum
epidermis - ANS-most superficial layer of skin
dermis - ANS-deep layer of skin under the epidermis, home to hair follicles, glands, and
nerve endings
Dendritic cells - ANS-phagocytic cells with long finger-like processes surrounding cells
in the epidermis that phagocytize pathogens and play a role in adaptive immunity
defensins - ANS-antimicrobial peptides that are active against Gram-, Gram+ and some
fungus
lysosome - ANS-an enzyme that destroys cell walls of bacteria by cleaving bonds
between sugar subunits in cell walls
sebum - ANS-secreted by sebaceous glands (oil glands) that keep skin pliable and less
sensitive to breaking or tearing, also lowers the pH of skin surface to pH5 inhibiting the
growth of many bacteria.
, Role of Mucous membrane in Immunity - ANS-act nonspecifically to limit infections
chemically and physically. Dendritic cells reside below mucous epithelium, the trachae
has goblet cells which produce mucous, and the ciliated columnar cells propel mucus
and trapped pathogens out of respiratory tract, and defensins are secreted.
Role of lacrimal apparatus in innate immunity - ANS-Lacrimal glands located above and
on the side of eyes secrete tears that drain into lacrimal canals and then through the
nasolacrimal duct where they join the nasal flow. Eyes also have lysosomes.
Role of Normal Microbiota in innate immunity - ANS-Microbiota consume nutrients,
making them unavailable to pathogens, and they can change the pH of their
environment making favorable to themselves, but unfavorable to other microorganisms.
They also stimulate body's 2nd line of defense and provide nutrients to the body.
Defense Components of the Blood - ANS-Plasma: mostly H20, but plasma proteins play
a role in adaptive immunity, Formed elements: Erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes
Diapedesis - ANS-Neutrophils and Eosinophils can exit blood into tissues to attack
invading microbes
platelets - ANS-involved in clotting
Neutrophils - ANS-________ are the leukocytes that make bleach and nitric oxide
(inflammation), They also generate NETS by self-destructing and trapping pathogens
and attacking with superoxide and peroxide produced by the neutrophils.
Eosinophils, Eosinophilia - ANS-these leukocytes can phagocytize and secrete
antimicrobial chemicals that attack parasitic worms.__________ is an abnormally high
number of E. cells in the blood indicating infection or allergies. They also use
mitochondrial DNA as an antibacterial agent.
Lymphocytes, NK Cells - ANS-______make antibodies, _______ are the defensive
leukocyte of innate immunity because they secrete toxins onto virally infected cells and
tumors
Monocytes - ANS-mature into macrophages when they leave the blood
Basophils - ANS-have granules with histamine and heparin
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