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Triumph of Elizabeth I (part 2)
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Part 2 of mind maps covering the Triumph of Elizabeth I. Covers the themes of Government, The Golden Age, Religion, and the Economy.
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PROTESTANTS- William Cecil (becomes Burghley in 1571)
GOVERNMENT
CONSERVATIVES - Robert Dudley
CHARACTER
- Sir Francis Walsingham (spy catcher of
- Thomas Howard, DoNorfolk Catholics)
(executed) - Sir Walter Mildmay
- Lord Treasurer Winchester - Sir Ralph Sadler
(died) - Leicester
- Sir Christopher Hatton - Robert Cecil
In the minority :(
- Earl of Sussex - Earl of Essex
ELIZABETH I CHARACTER
- E played her singleness well; she was hot property on the marriage market,
PRIORITISED FUNCTIONS OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL
gaining England favourable trade agreements by dangling this.
- E was hot-headed, particularly when it came to disagreements with government
Most important
GOVERNMENT, E PRIVY COUNCIL over areas she considered to be her prerogative rights (mainly her marriage). For
1. To oversee arrangements for national defence example, she kicked Dudley out of Parliament for a year after he pressed her to
2. To enforce the 1559 Religious Settlement (by requiring JP's to marry (1566).
What does E need from her Privy Council? investigate in individual counties - visitations)
1. She wants them to respect her views on marriage (prerogative rights) though technically national security (Council's 3. To help formulate policies
4. To manage Crown Finances
domain) 5. To manage Parliament
2. Reinforce religious policy 6. To oversee the operation of the regional councils, e.g. Council of the
North & of Wales & the Marches & local officials (JP's)
3. Help create & maintain peaceful foreign relations 7. To act as a court of law (when sitting as Star Chamber)
4. Deal with dynastic threats (like MQofS)
- In her early years it met at least 3 days a week, often with the monarch present but in the final decades 6 or 7! Least important
- It was the main formal body in which E's principal ministers came together.
- Approx 19 members, gets down to 12 at its smallest.
- However, its importance as a decision-making body shouldn't be overestimated, because she often consulted with ministers on an
individual basis. New table
- Starts off moderate, gets more protestant later.
- Those in her P.C. have to work very hard to stay in it & can easily be replaced. DATE ISSUES THAT CAUSED CLASHES IN
JP's
- No chaff: all university educated with a specialism. PARLIAMENT
- Members of the nobility (under 1563 Parliament met when it was feared E
- Elizabeth was conscious of the importance of her royal prerogative, of which she would not restrict (led to her and her Council butting Hvii they had been gentry because would die of smallpox & discussed the
heads). they were there to collect tax & succession without her presence.
- Cecil was est. as her key minister at the start of her reign & he came to dominate the Council. control the nobility).
- The Council contained some more conservative ministers, drawn from the traditional aristocracy, including Thomas Howard, Fourth ROYAL COURT - Now, they were tasked mainly with 1566 Parliament (encouraged by Cecil &
Duke of Norfolk, and the Marquis of Winchester. enforcing religious laws (visitations). Dudley) pressed E to marry, with E
- E's favourite, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester joined in 1562. - Part theatre & partly a place for patronage - They were still unpaid & reported banishing Dudley from Court.
- Some reshaping took place in the 1570s; with the execution of Norfolk & Winchester's death, the conservative influence declined. (when the Crown distributed 'favours' to loyal to the P.C.
1571 When William Strickland tried to
THE GOLDEN AGE
Instead, a nucleus of firmly Protestant councillors were appointed: incl. Walsingham, Mildmay, Sadler etc, but even this was balanced by courtiers). - They remained a position of status
introduce a radical religious reform bill,
more conservatives like Hatton. - Had 2 main areas: & a popular job.
he was forced to leave the chamber.
- E played the moderate (Cecil) and puritan (Dudley) factions against each other, meant they'll work harder to please her. they only ever 1. Presence Chamber (relatively open)
fought against each other - E's position was secure (bouts of factionalism). 2. Privy Chamber (more private & more 1576 Peter Wentworth made an appeal for
important, but less influential than under earlier freedom of speech & was committed to
- OVERALL, despite changes in personnel and disputes over foreign policy & the execution of MQofS (1587), the Council offered cohesive monarchs - no more 'Gentlemen of the Privy the Tower by order of the House. He was later readmitted but
decision making and served E well. Chamber'). imprisoned again in 1587 and
- Operation of the court was organised by Lord 1585 A message was delivered from E
again in 1593 for speaking out
Troubles appeared from the late 1580s: Chamberlain (always nobility, usually a relative). banning religious debate.
about both religion and the
1. A number of ministers died in quick succession (by 1597 the Council only had 11 members). - As her reign progressed, the ceremonial aspects 1593 The Crown, urged on by Archb Whitgift succession.
2. E's replacements caused further tension, and she largely relied on nepotism: appointing the sons of former councillors who weren't became more important.
PARLIAMENT sought a punitive Act against sectaries
skilled enough.
(Protestant sects who rejected the royal
3. E refused to allow Cecil/Burghley to retire, though his effectiveness was diminishing in the 1590s, appointing his son Robert Cecil to
- Could only be called/dismissed by the monarch supremacy) but it was openly opposed
pick up his slack.
- House of Lords (including Bishops) and House of Commons (HofL more by MP's like Sir Walter Raleigh.
4. Robert Cecil's appointment angered the Earl of Essex (led to Essex Rebellion 1601).
important).
- Called 10 times by Elizabeth (feels like more often than other monarchs, but ART
actually less because she ruled the longest. She wasn't as reliant on it as other
monarchs).
- English painting flourished in
LORD LIEUTENANTS - The role of Parliament stays the same, but its impact under different monarchs New table E's reign (artists benefited from
varies.
SUMMARY - First est. under Hviii, operating in - All P.C. members are a part of Parliament too. PARLIAMENT MAIN FOCUS patrons).
a military capacity. - The areas that created the most friction with the monarch were her marriage &
In the first 30-odd years, E's Privy Council was effective & only 2 - Under E, each county had a Lord religion.
1559 Religion (Settlement). - Formal portraiture remained
councillors were removed. Most policies were supported and there was Lieutenant chosen by the monarch.
important (esp. among the
NOTE! Personal wealth & national - E tries to avoid Parliament; she thinks the P.C. are more important (opposite to
no particular friction. Around the time of the deterioration of Anglo- wealth are different. E was personally - They were nobles & often in the what Hviii thought). She regarded it as a necessary but occasional evil.
First session - 1563 Called because she wanted money, saw disagreements over PLAYS
very rich, but England was on the verge Second session - 1566-67 marriage: dynasty.
Spanish relations (1580s), it started to unravel. By 1591, Dudley &
of bankruptcy and stability.
P.C. - 438 Acts were passed in 13 sessions of Parliament. Not only Shakespeare; but nobles, monarchy & gentry).
Walsingham are both dead & Cecil has retired. Her P.C. becomes largely - They were essential to - It was called primarily to: 1571 E wanted money to crush 1569 rebellion & tightened treason Kyd & Marlowe. Companies of actors
ineffective for the last 12 years; their replacements are poor (nepotism), maintaining E's power & England's 1. Grant taxation - 11 out of 13 sessions were asked to grant revenue. laws (dynasty) and laws against Catholics (religion). - However, the portrait miniature
factions now mean danger (Essex Rebellion 1601), poor harvests, plague, defences (regional security issues). 2. Make statute law - Most notably, religious Acts and Poor Laws. 438 were passed,
operated under courtiers' patronage: 'The
socio-economic issues.
but E refused over 60 bills that had passed through both houses. First session - 1572 Security issues after Ridolfi plot (P pushed for the execution of Lord Chamberlain's Men' (Hilliard) became extremely
MQofS).
- The relationship between E & Parliament completely broke down in 1601 over
monopolies. In the end, at her last Parliament, a compromise was achieved & E Second session - 1576 Money - There was a competitive market popular in the Elizabethan era.
delivered her Golden Speech. Third session - 1581 Money & tightening of anti-Catholic laws (religion). environment in London (the Globe & the
1584 - 1585 Security/religion. Anti-Catholic laws tightened, 'Act for the Surety Swan).
Occasionally important for legislative & revenue-raising purposes, but largely a
secondary feature of the Elizabethan political system.
of the Queen's Person'. - Shakespeare's plays were expected to
1586 - 1587 Security (aftermath of Babington plot), debate over fate of produce new plays on a regular basis to
MQofS. draw in viewers from all social classes.
1589 Money/Foreign Policy (subsidy for war against Spain). - Occasionally, these plays had political
connotations, e.g. Essex' supporters
1593 Religion (legislation against recusants) & money (subsidy).
sponsored a performance of Richard III.
1597 - 1598 Money (socio-economic crisis in England). Poor Law & subsidy. LITERATURE
Monopolies discussed. - Increased educational opportunities
Socio-economic
CRISIS in England!!! 1601 Money (subsidy). 'Golden Speech' , 1598 Poor Law revised & had led to a more literature public.
more controversy over monopolies. - Prose literature tended to have a
narrow leadership (except 'Foxe's Book of
OVERALL, all but 2 sessions of Parliament were asked to grant Martyrs' among Puritans).
revenue (most important function). 'Extraordinary' revenue was
lost under Hviii, because E's ordinary revenue had fallen in real - Two most influential writers: Sidney &
terms. The most important Acts passed by Parliament were to do
ARCHITECTURE Spenser. Sidney had been responsible
with religion (Religious Settlement & anti-Catholic laws), but also for the revival of the sonnet in English
socio-economic policy (Poor Law Acts). - E was reluctant to commission poetry. They were both however, political
new buildings, but her courtiers outsiders - some of their work was highly
& other wealthy individuals were critical of E court.
not. (They were able to due to
acquisition of ex-monastic land
at knock-down prices).
RELIGION - Emergence of first-named
English architect - Robert
Smythson - worked on Longleat
RELIGIOUS MUSIC
in Wiltshire.
- E herself was a skilful musician & with
her Settlement, saved the musical culture
of English cathedrals & Oxbridge colleges
SEPARATISTS which were threatened by reformers.
- Two greatest composers - Tallis &
- The most extreme form of Puritanism, emerged in the 1580s (most mainstream Puritans hated them). Puritanism survived, Presbyterianism and Separatism didn't!
- They wanted to separate from the CofE altogether. They thought it was incapable of reforming itself William Byrd - wrote extensively for the
sufficiently & wanted to create independent Church congregations. CofE. However, both were Catholic &
- They were resolutely opposed to E's status as 'Supreme Governor of the CofE'.
- Barrow and Greenwood led Separatist movements in London, though the numbers were small.
Byrd composed in secret for Catholic
'Seditious' - They did however, alarm the authorities, leading to the passing of the... patrons.
SECULAR MUSIC
encourages
- Secular music also flourished, esp. at court.
- Byrd's skill, willingness to compose for
people to oppose 'ACT AGAINST SEDITIOUS SECTARIES' was passed in 1593.
'ACT AGAINST SEDITIOUS SECTARIES' (1593) Renaissance culture said that courtiers should be CofE & his courtly connections ensured
the government.
- This gave the authorities the power to imprison, banish and even execute suspected separatists. PRESBYTERIANS skilled musically. his safety.
- Encouraged development of the Madrigal (originated
- Barrow & Greenwood were executed. - Believed CofE should be further reformed in its structure & forms of worship. in Italy). Composers of it included Morley & Weelkes.
- Grew out of Calvin's ideas on Church organisation and discipline & emerged partly in recation to the Vestiarian Controversy. Madrigals were usually non-political, but the 1601 'The
Significance? Triumph of Oriana' explicitly honoured E.
- The authorities measures to deal with Separatists were particularly harsh (but effective), especially against such
TWO ADMONITIONS - Music was hence a means of reinforcing the 'Gloriana'
a small movement. Whitgift's vindictiveness has been put forward as an explanation. Elizabethan Separatism
- Some Presb. began to question the scriptural basis for the authority of Bishops, voicing their criticisms in two pamphlets: The Two myth when E's reputation was slipping.
was destroyed.
Admonitions (John Field). - Popular music: Many towns had official bands
1. The first attacked the BOCP & called for the abolition of bishops. What's the difference between Puritans and Presbyterians?
& Broadside ballads (songs printed cheaply on single
2. The second detailed a Presyb. system of Church government.
sheet of paper) were popular & often risqué.
Puritans were a more radical and reform-minded group
- There was then a 'pamphlet war' between Cartwright (Presb.) and Archb Whitgift over the reform of the Church. Whitgift believed the within the Church of England, who sought to "purify" the
Presb. were destructive and would split the Church. church from within. They advocated for simpler forms of
CATHOLICISM worship and a more personal and direct relationship with
How much of a threat was Presbyterianism? God.
THE CATHOLIC MISSIONS - Toleration of Catholics under E was conditional on obedience & not all Catholic practices were tolerated. - It was a geographically narrow movement (London, Essex, Cambridge Uni, Suffolk).] Presbyterians were a more structured and organised group,
- The Act of Supremacy 1559 had laid down 'recusant' fines, but they were rarely demanded. - However, it attracted some high-ranking support (e.g. EofLeicester & even Burghley saw advantages). with a system of governance. They believed in a hierarchical
- In 1568, a college was founded in the Spanish Netherlands to - Most English Catholics survived as 'church papists', outwardly conforming to the law by attending Anglican
system of church government and emphasised the
train Catholic Priests to push Catholicism back into England. services. - The movement grew in the 1980s. Ideas for Church gov. through synods (Church council that would exist outside the official Church
importance of education and trained clergy. An aspect of the
- By 1580, there were already c.100 in England. It was dangerous, - However, an active minority followed the Catholic bishops who had refused to conform to the Oath of hierarchy) were developed but these stalled at Parliament (despite the attempts of Turner & Cope (1587), who tried to introduce bills that
and they had to operate from the houses of the gentry & broader Puritan movement.
Supremacy in 1559. would replace the current BOCP with one stripped of any remaining Catholicism).
nobility. - Most went into exile (Spanish Netherlands) but some priests survived as private chaplains to Catholic nobles.
- From 1585, being a Catholic priest could incur the death - The Northern Rebellion (1569) provoked a punitive attitude towards Catholics. The attack on Presbyterianism (Whitgift's Articles)
penalty. - The Pope also excommunicated E in 1570: English Catholics were forced to choose between loyalty to their
- Jesuits began coming to England in 1580. Church and loyalty to the Queen.
- The success of these missions was limited. The Catholic gentry - Whitgift issued THREE ARTICLES to which the clergy had to subscribe...
could retain their faith, but these missions didn't reach/ignored PENAL LAWS AGAINST CATHOLICS
ordinary Catholics. The priests often became more like - Passed during the 1570s & 1580s. 1. Acknowledgement of the royal supremacy.
household chaplains (private). 2. Acceptance of the prayer book as containing nothing against God's word.
- The priests themselves became divided over leadership 3. Acceptance that the 39 Articles conformed to God's word.
1. 1571 - Act making the publication of papal bulls treasonable.
disputes, weakening their cause. 2. 1581 - 'Act to Retain the Queen's Majesty's Subjects in their Due Obedience'. Treasonable to withdraw PURITANISM
- The missions were also geographically limited; because of the The second Article particularly created a crisis amongst the clergy, and Whitgift was forced to back down by councillors like Leicester and
allegiance to the Queen or the CofE. Saying Mass punishable by fine & imprisonment. The recusant fine was raised
Channel ports, most priests operated in the south-east, where Walsingham.
to £20 per month. - Puritanism emerged amongst those who considered the 1558 Religious Settlement
the proportion of Catholics was much smaller. The North would - He reduced this to a simple acceptance of the prayer book (acceptable).
3. 1585 - 'Act against Jesuits and Seminary Priests'. Treasonable for the Pope's priests to enter England. Made incomplete.
have been more successful. it much easier for the courts to secure convictions for treason. 123 priests were executed under this Act from - They believed the CofE needed to be purges of any remaining 'superstitious' (Catholic)
Outcome?
Catholicism became more of a 'country-house religion' than 1586-1603. practices.
Whitgift's campaign had some success: Burghley's protege was forced out of his post & Cartwright was refused a licence to preach. But many
the popular faith it had been in the 1560s. clergymen and councillors were now wary of Whitgift (though he had E's full support).
- In 1587 laws surrounding recusant fines were tightened and any who defaulted on their payments could have 2/3
THE VESTIARIAN CONTROVERSY (1560s/70s)
of his estate seized. This recusant persecution was at its peak in the late 1580s/early 1590s.
- Several church figures refused to wear clerical dress laid down in the Act of
- Catholic persecution was heightened by Anglo-Spanish foreign relations & by the onset of Catholic missions of Fall of Presbyterianism
Uniformity & Royal Injunctions, because they were 'popis' and 'superstitious'.
priests spreadint Catholicism in England. By the late 1580s, Preb. was in decline. People were too scared to go against The Three Articles and the failure of Cope's Bill in 1587
- Archbishop Parker issued the 'Advertisements' in March 1566 which basically told
- In response to the Throckmorton Plot (1583), Parliament passed the 'Act for the Surety of the Queen's Person' showed the futility of a Parliamentary approach. The death of its key organiser - John Field (1589) also weakened them. The reputation of
clergy to conform to the Queen's religious stipulations in the Settlement.
in 1584, in which those who took the oath pledged to murder anyone who attempted to usurp the Crown or kill E. the movement had suffered due to the satirical Marprelate Tracts (1588-'89).
- 37 London clergymen refused to signify their support & were deprived of their
posts.
Shows E's determination to enforce the 'via-media' settlement.
- Puritan influence declined in the late 1580s (deaths of Walsingham, Leicester etc.) and
also the defeat of the Spanish Armada reduced the perceived threat of Catholicism. The
disappearance of Presbyterianism made Puritanism look more acceptable.
- The Lambeth Articles of 1595 reaffirmed the fundamentally Calvanist beliefs of the
CofE which satisfied all.
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE
REGIONS
Wealthiest part of the region was
the South-East, followed by
Norfolk, Suffolk.
The poorest was in the North &
West Midlands.
For example, inventories in
ECONOMIC
MASSOLIT NOTES Hertfordshire suggested that
labourers left goods worth almost 3x
as much as Northern counterparts.
PROBLEMS FACING ELIZABETH I
1. Inherited economic problems - inflation, slump in cloth trade, disease
(population), the huge debt from war with France. Cost of living increasing,
purchasing power decreasing for both rural and urban workers (slightly
worse for urban workers).
2. The currency had been debased under Henry viii & attempts to restore
it had been unsuccessful, causing more inflation. THE PATTERN OF TRADE THE ROYAL EXCHANGE, est. 1571
3. Enclosure - crop yields were going down, and prices were going up. Walter Raleigh was an - Created to loan money to new companies &
4. Manufacturing - Products were lower quality & England was backward 1. The value of internal trade exceeded that of foreign trade. ambitious, though unpopular merchants, (with a 10% fee every year).
compared to other countries. Also, higher numbers of imports luxury Primary example: Shipping of coal from the Tyne to London courtier, whose attempts to - Means that English trading markets can be
goods from abroad were detrimental to English economy. establish a colony in Virginia expanded - new companies like Muscovy, Levant, East
Market.
5. Commerce/trade - England was far too dependent on the cloth trade & failed, along with attempts to India.
Antwerp (was a war zone in 1560s). This was an economic & political issue. find treasure in South America. - Goods could be exchanged and loans acquired.
2. A wider range of foreign luxury goods were imported EXPLORATION & COLONISATION - They will also need a royal warrant, in which a % of
WHAT SHE DID under E- suggesting the a larger section of the population all money earned has to go to Elizabeth (makes her
were becoming more wealthy. - The suggestion that England should start very rich).
colonising North America originated with the PROSPERITY & LAND
2. E stopped this & restabilised the currency in 1560. - Nobles & Gentry find this is also a way to gain DEPRESSION
3. The enclosure threat was actually exaggerated, as enclosure was explorer Humphrey Gilbert. Encouraged by patronage (which they were mad they couldn't get In general, landowners benefited & .
3. The cloth trade with the Netherlands declined as a part of For many, real wages fell: by 1596 they were less
localised and crop yields kept up with the population increase. It was Richard Hakluyt, in his 1584 publication, 'A from Elizabeth, she didn't have enough £). It's a Landed incomes rose & landowners had
the economy. Politically, William Cecil wanted to end the Discourse of Western Planting', presented to E.
than 1/2 of what they had been 9 years earlier.
however, creating social discontent from farmers who had lost common status/wealth thing. more material wealth (mostly in south-
dependency of English trade on a single market. Most Harvest failure made food prices rise & many
land. (More a social problem). --> Enclosure laws were introduced, - Raleigh did however gain the support of - Monopolies were encouraged by Elizabeth. east).
went hungry.
whether they had any real impact was the question. significant development was an alternative trade with some prominent investors (including System of flowing cash is unique to England, They already had a good base from
Walsingham) & received a patent from E to Subsistence crisis of 1596-97, it was the worst
4. The government introduced patent of monopolies for skilled Amsterdam (Spanish-controlled Antwerp suffered as a reminiscent of the Hanseatic League. acquiring cheap ex-monastic land (led to
colonise Virginia (Roanoke Island)in 1585: in the Far North, there was starvation in both
manufacturing & regulations for higher quality goods. This was a success to result). rapid increase of building - country
failed. rural & urban areas.
some extent, e.g. in Textile Industry. New immigrants also shared their houses to accommodate E).
- As a result of poor organisation, bad luck & London's growth..
know-how. Rise in agricultural prices (good for
4. Developing new overseas markets remained economically E's reluctance to prioritise it over Anglo- Urban decay was particularly associated with
5. 1563 Trade Embargo meant E sought new markets. The Hanseatic landowners).
League was an issue here; in 1577, E revoked all Hanseatic trade privileges marginal, despite attempts. In comparison to powers like Spanish War, permanent colonisation of corporate boroughs that had been dependent
Bad harvests - 1590s, especially 1594-'97.
when they forced Hamburg to expel English merchants. The gov. introduced Spain & Portugal who colonised a wider range of land and Virginia wasn't achieved under EI. MONOPLOIES
on the cloth industry.
new trading companies, which they gave charters & monopolies. thus found trade success, English trade stalled.
- Monopolies gave individual nobles and merchants the sole
right to manufacture or sell particular goods - Intended to PROSPERITY & TRADE
boost domestic economy. Much debated by historians.
- E also made money from granting the monopoly licences. At first, it was thought trade was buoyant
- If you're outside of a monopoly however, prices inflate & (seen in ship-building at the time).
ATTEMPTS TO EXPAND TRADE Some MPs felt monopolies were
increases poverty. unfair and were being abused, Later, this was considered a desperate
- Parliament implores Elizabeth to step in and slow things Overall, no massive short-term boosts but laid a good
protesting against them in 1597-8 search to prevent long-term decline (as
John Hawkins down to reduce poverty (she does so, but not until the end of and 1601 and not granting taxes basis for long-term economic improvement.
English financial institutions were less
TRADING COMPANIES SET UP - John Hawkins used Guinea as a starting point for the move until they had been withdrawn.
her reign when it's too late - the damage is already done).
- into the Americas. (Invented the slave trade in the process). - An increasing number of patents of monopolies were issued
sophisticated than abroad, e.g. Germany,
Italy, Netherlands).
The economic record of the Elizabethan period was
MUSCOVY COMPANY (est. 1555, under Mi) - To trade with mixed, though 'economic policy' didn't really exist
- Hawkins made 3 expeditions from 1562 (first two were from the late 1580s onwards: a source of extra Parliamentary Also caused dramatic
Russia & northern Europe but FAILED to compete in the long-term revenue & a way to reward courtiers (became a particular back then (ministers reacted in an ad hoc manner:
with the Dutch. Not so successful, because the market is too financially fruitful) & for his second and third he received confrontations in her
when necessary).
problem in the period of depression in the 1590s - Parliaments (esp. in
overrun/saturated. English patronage (from E herself, supplied ships). that of 1601). Sometimes, they passed legislation (e.g. Statute of
contributed to it).
EASTLAND COMPANY (est. 1579) - Trade in the Baltic, but also - However, these expeditions antagonised the already - The Golden age comes from this. Artificers 1563).
URBAN PROSPERITY
limited effect. strained Anglo-Spanish relations: E was willing to do this for - It was a direct response to England losing Antwerp in the Their main priority was maintenance of public order
LEVANT COMPANY (est. 1581) - Founded as the Turkish financial profit. Trade Embargo with the Netherlands. (can't depend on them Lots of discrepancies - mixed bag! (threatened by subsistence crisis?). Oxfordshire
Company, to trade with the Ottoman Empire (they wanted a anymore, need to stimulate the economy by themselves). Some old-established towns declined rebellion, 1596 proved this to be a relative success.
change too). Reasonably successful, received its first charter in Relations between the Crown & landed elites & also
Main changes in English trading patterns from 1980s... (Winchester) but others continued to
1582 from E. commercial elites of London improved due to
thrive (York), alongside some new urban
1. Wool trade moved from Southern to Northern participation in joint-stock companies, laying the
EAST INDIA COMPANY (est. 1600) - In the short-term, it found settlements (Manchester).
it difficult to compete with the better-funded Dutch East India Netherlands (religion). foundation for future commerical expansion.
Towns that prospered tended to have a
Company. 2. Increase of trade with Ottoman (Turkish) Empire. broad range of manufacturing industry.
(Whilst still modest organisations under EI, their capitalist structure The growth in London could benefit some,
meant that later, they could flourish) But, English still remained relatively backward in e.g. Nc upon Tyne exported coal to London.
exploiting trade opportunities.
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