How was collectivisation enforced?
- 'Twenty-five thousanders' - S enlisted 25,000 urban party activists to oversee the process & root out kulaks. Stalin's climb down only 8.Stalin said officials were being too rigorous so
- Up to 10 million deported or labour camps by end. temporary tactic. there was a brief return to voluntary
1. Gov issued new
- Harsh persecution of kulaks scared middle-class & poor peasants into joining collectives. collectivisation until after the harvest was
procurement quotas, with
- Decree (Feb 1930) gave local parties power to use 'necessary measures' against kulaks (ambiguous) collected that year. October 1930, only c.20%
punishments.
- Kulaks divided into 3 categories: of households collectivised.
2.Propaganda campaign launched
1. counter-revolutionaries (shot, or forced labour)
against kulaks to create rifts
2. active opponents (deported to Siberia) between peasant classes.
3. Others expelled from their farms & settled on poor land 7.By March 1930, 58% of
peasant households
collectivised (through
propaganda/force).
Collectivisation stage 2
3.By 1929, all-out forced
(1930-41) Collectivisation stage 1 collectivisation had begun. Peasants STARTING POINT
(1929-30) driven into collectives by local party By 1929, less than 5% of all farms had
6.Januray 1930, Stalin
members, supported by Red Army & been collectivised
announced 25% of grain-
OGPU.
END POINT - By 1941, farming areas were to be
100% rate of peasant After peasants had sewn
collectivised that year.
household 1931 spring crop
collectivisation. collectivisation sped up
again. 4.Kulaks not allowed to join collectives
Voluntary and forced collectivisation
(4% of peasant households). Red Army &
5.Some even killed their own OGPU identified, excecuted or deported
livestock & crops to avoid being them. Not always easy to distinguish them
called kulaks (added to rural & c.15% of peasant households destroyed &
probelms). c.150,000 peasants forced to migrate to
poorer land.
(Kolkhozes & Sovkhozes on Booklet 3 mind map)
Mechanisation
Machine Tractor Stations (from 1931)
- Introduced to increase efficiency of Kolkhozes & Sovkhozes, drive towards greater mechanisation & modern farming methods.
- Also reduced no. of agricultural workers needed (more for industry). S
- Set up from '31 to provide seed & hire out tractors & machinery (2,500 est. though there were only 1 for every 40 collective farms
by 1940).
- State farms got more & better machinery, e.g. combine harvesters & chemical fertilisers.
- By 1938, 95% of threshing, 72% of ploughing etc. carried out mechanically. Tsaritsyn renamed
- But other farm operations less mechanised & machines still labour intensive. Stalingrad in 1925 - From Dec 1929 & his 50th b
- Also, limited no. of lorries to transport goods.
- Portraits showed Marx, Eng
- Paintings, poems, posters &
of the nation' etc... Gorky wro
SUCCESSFUL NOT - During WWII, Sralin's name
The success of collectivisation
- There was often deification
Legislation - 1932 law, anyone who stole
2nd FYP.
Overall, State's goals were achieved: Increased peasant hatred towards gov, at from a collective could be jailed (10 years),
then a capital crime. Internal passport - Stalin presented himself as
Urban workers fed best cost them their livelihoods, at worst controls (from 1932) to stop peasants
Peasantry basically sacrificed
in the name of Soviet 1. Benefactor
Export of grain increased their lives (famine, deportation, execution) fleeing
ideology, to meet industrial 2. Traditional defender of the
needs. 3. Charismatic leader
Agricultural production had fallen Migration - By 1939, c.19 million
Peasants migrating to become urban peasants had migrated to towns.
4. A man of the workers - wo
(sometimes even to 1913 levels) Recovery
workers - good for industrialisation For every 3 peasants that joined a 5. Lenin's disciple - statues o
wasn't until late 1930s Stalin's cult of personality
collective, 1 left to start urban work - The peak of the Stalinist cul
First time gov had been able to extend Grain & livestock destroyed (by revolting
Widespread & violent
2nd FYP saw a move towards State Atheism political control to the countryside (mainly peasants), 25-30% of cattle, pigs & sheep
opposition (peasants from Impact of collectivisation on peasants (& kulaks)
Liquidation of houses of worship through Party management of collectives) slaughtered between 1929-33. Took until Deportation - 1.8 million of IMPACTS more fertile agricultural
1935 to restore levels to those pre-
STATS resisting peasants deported to - The History of the All-Union Communist Party ('Short
areas, e.g. Ukraine were esp.
Goal of eliminating clergy by 1936 1. Grain exports (m/tonnes)
remote areas, e.g. Siberia educational institutions. Falsified history, e.g. gave S
collectivisation 1928 = 0.03 hostile) In 1930, there were
Peasants now fearful of gov (good
Part executed religious leaders, flooded schools & media with anti-religious 1931 = 5.06
(labour camps or 'work-gangs' 13,754 outbreaks of mass portraying Trotsky & Old Bv's as 'enemies' of the peo
for gov/Stalin control for new industr. towns -
propaganda In early years, collectives poorly organised 1932 - 1.73 (famine) unrest. - Photos doctored to remove enemies of Stalin from
building canals, roads etc.)
- The book had sold 34 million copies in the Soviet U
Propagated "scientific atheism" Politically, it established S's dominance 2. Grain harvest (m/tonnes)
1928 = 73.3 - For many, their loyalty to Stalin (the leader) was a d
In 1928, Jewish Autonomous Oblast est. by Stalin to give Jews more personal over Rightists in the party, e.g. Shortages of equipment (tractors, lorries,
1930 = 83.5 - Peasants & workers created 'red corners' of the gre
Bukharin, Rykov fertilisers)
autonomy as a reparation for anti-Semitism. This was just a way to segregate them 3. Sheep & goats (m/head) Peasants were supposed to
corner in Tsarist times). Regime replaced religion.
Armed forces dealt brutally
from society and create a buffer community when invasion happened. Class differences in countryside It was a slow & brutal way of achieving 1928 = 146.7 receive a share in profit, but - Stalin's role in this is ambiguous - It's claimed he di
with resisting peasants -
abolished (good for socialist ideology)
S's economic goals 1935 - 61.1 quotas were so high, there was - Role of Komsomol increased (Soviet Political Youth
Stalin also did the same with the Islamic community - trying to appear 'fair'. sometimes burned whole
Agricultural and social developments in the countryside The development of the Stalin cult
none. Often only interested in - 1935: 'Thank you, Dear Comrade Stalin, for a happ
villages. c.21,000 shot
Tsar was deeply religious - way of separating Old & New Russia private plots - Agitprop theatre known for carboard cutouts of ev
TECHNICALLY BOOKLET 3
The famine of 1932–1934
- Th
- In October 1931 drought hit many areas. Literature, the arts & socialist realism
-B
- Alongside kulak deportations there was a severe drop in food production.
- Fr
- By 1932 famine appeared in Ukraine.
-C
- Over 1932-33 it spread to Kazakhstan.
Holodomor - famine 1932-33 -A
- One of worst Russian famines, but gov continued to demand unrealistic grain
- Man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine during 1930s which killed between 3.5 to 5 par
quotas (MADE IT WORSE) - deliberate punishment?
million people. - Fr
- Part of the wider Soviet famine. ap
More attention to consumer - Farms, villages, and whole towns in Ukraine were placed on blacklists and -A
goods, but overall priority still prevented from receiving food. cla
- Fo
heavy industry Booklet 4 - Th
Other propaganda
Not based on secure data, extremely over-ambitious.
e.g. Output Targets
Coal Second FYP (1933-1937) Third FYP (1938-1942), but cut short in 1941 (German invasion) - Hardships associated with economic ch
the new socialist society.
1927/8 actual prod. = 35.4 m/tonnes - The 'worker-hero' became a common th
1932/3 target prod. = 75 m/tonnes - Young men who accomplished heroic e
AIMS Successes Failures
(State Planning Agency) more often than Stalin himself between 1
AIMS Successes Failures Success in heavy industry - Resources increasingly diverted to - Responsible for drawing up the plans of FYP & calculating & giving out output targets for every enterprise in accordance with Party directives. - Women utilised in propaganda: Mukhin
1st FYP was a great experiment, no obvious example
Plan had 3 good years 1936, focus of plan changed - strong growth in machinery & rearmament, adverse effects on - Initially advisory (entire staff of 34 in 1921). and Kolkhoz woman' for the 1937 World T
to follow, particularly at time of economic depression
(1934-36) greater emphasis on Renewed emphasis on engineering other areas - June 1922, new decree expanded its job ('long-term' & 'immediate' plans of production). - Soviet aviators & Arctic explorers treate
in West (1929 Wall-Street Crash).
First FYP (1928-1932) but approved by 16th PC in April 1929 Continue development of Moscow Metro opened 1935 rearmament, resources
heavy industry Rearmament strengthened Steel production stagnated
- In 1928 for the 1st FYP it overtook People's Commissariat for Finance as primary economic body.
- Against socialist ideology? SI says workers should have control of the 'means of production' - that includes money. Gosplan
- For the illiterate there were wall posters
heavy industry Volga canal (1937) diverted. e.g. rose from 4% of (spending doubled between Fuel shortages (oil) led to a fuel - Gosplan suffered from a lack of reliable info (cost of imports, price exports might command).
Dnieprostroi Dam (completed GDP in 1933, to 17% of GDP by 1938 and 40). crisis - Targets set were very ambitious, much propaganda accompanied.
- Failing to achieve a target was a criminal offence, so administrators sometimes lied - corruption & faulty reporting - then affected next targets.
1932) extended with 4 more 1937 Shortage of raw materials
Promote growth of consumer generators - largest dam in Oil production failed to meet Consumer goods - lowest priority -
AIMS Successes Failures
Europe targets, e.g. 1937 target
Promote rapid worsened living conditions
1. Stalin claimed targets had been goods & light industry What does Stalin want out of industrialisation/FYP's?
Increase production by 300% 1. Publicity surrounding its
met in 4 years - probably due to
Electricity & chemical production = 46.8 m/tonnes, but rearmament (major focus Lack of specialists & managers 1. Development of heavy industry, e.g. coal, steel
launch provoked enthusiastic 2. Industrial revolution - as seen in USA, Britain Organisation, aims and results of first 3 Five Year Plans
industries grew rapidly actually only 28.5 m/tonnes (Purges)
response. overenthusiastic reporting by on preparing Russia for (cultural shift)
Develop communications, Steel output trebled, coal Quantity over quality continued Plan disrupted & finished early bc 3. Efficiency - wants to achieve every FYP in 4 years
Development of heavy industries, e.g. 2. Investment brought some local officials.
doubled from 1st FYP war) of German invasion in 1941 4. Industrial cities - e.g. Magnitogorsk
impressive growth in industry - 2. In reality, none of the targets providing links between cities
coal & steel were actually met.
By 1937, SU virtually self- Consumer goods neglected -
5. Mechanical projects - hand in hand with above,
Electricity output trebled, coal & industrial areas sufficient in metals goods & bad living conditions for workers
(prestige projects)
& iron doubled, steel increased 3. Targets for chemical industry not Complete the transition 6. Foreign investment - Russia needs funds from
machine tools Germany, China etc...
met.
by 1/3. New metals (copper, zinc, tin) to communism New industrial centres and projects
Boost electricity production by 600% 3. New railways, engineering 4. House-building, food-processing Foster engineering & tool- mined for first time
Showpiece/Prestige projects
& other consumer industries 1. Dnieprostroi Dam (1927):
plants, HEP schemes & making (Saw a repeat of the chaos of the 1st FYP) - Built in 1st FYP, expanded in 2nd
3. Moscow-Volga Canal (built between 1932-37 - 2nd FYP)
industrial complexes. neglected. - Connects Muskva & Volga rivers
- One of the largest power plants in the world
5. Too few skilled workers & - One of world's tallest statues of Lenin (25m high)
- Generated 560 MW
- Built by prisoners from labour camp (almost 200,000 prisoners employed, of which Industrial and social developments in towns and cities
ineffective central coordination. - Provided power for new industrial centres
Double output from light industry, e.g. 2. Moscow Metro (1935):
c22,000 died) Propaganda showcase of rehabilitation
Industrialisation was managed through a centralised
- White Sea Baltic Canal of 1933 also built by forced labour & used to export goods. 'command economy' (output levels determined by
- First underground railway system in the USSR
chemicals - Part of 2nd FYP (focused on urbanisation - influx of peasants coming to
4. Magnitogorsk (In the Urals, founded 1929) centralised gov)
- Gigantic steel plant & town of 150,000 people created from nothing
cities)
- Intended to showcase socialism in action
- Wanted to surpass capitalist designs
- Workers lived in a very communist fashion (communal barracks, Lenin & Stalin images)
- Marble walls, high ceilings, grand chandeliers & use of steel (symbolic
Also, similar vibe to Komsomolsk (built using volunteer labour from Komsomol & prison
for USSR success)
labour). City was a regional centre for industries like metallurgy, machinery, shipbuilding.
There was often foreign involvement in the construction of
these projects, e.g. Henry Ford advised on car industry
Working and living conditions
(America), American engineers assisted with the construction
of the Dniepro Dam. At a time of Depression, communism
was an attraction & some foreigners genuinely believed they
were contributing to a new world order. But, foreigners were
also easy scapegoats when things went wrong. Many Labour shortages as collective farm The social and economic condition of the Soviet Union by 194
arrested by secret police, deported. conditions got better (less migration),
conscription & military demands
worsened raw material shortages
- Aleksei Stakhanov (coal miner) cut 102 tonnes of coal in 5 hours, 45 mins in August 1935. Stakhanovites
Had to deal with protesting workers - This was the amount of coal expected from a miner in 14x that length of time.
Far from living in a workers
because of increasing national 'work - Became the figurehead of the new worker's movement.
paradise - 7 day working week &
Arriving late or missing work norms' (rules & labour hours) - He was hailed as an example of human determination & a Soviet hero.
Although real wages increased longer hours
could lead to dismissal, eviction Had to make sure targets - He was exploited in much propaganda, given a large bonus, honorary awards.
during 2nd FYP, still lower in
from housing, loss of benefits were met - very hard as - Competitions were arranged for others to emulate his achievement.
1937 than they had been in
From 1936 factories had to targets were unrealistic - Not universally popular with all workers (jealousy) - there are records of Stakhanovites being victimised or
1928
pay for their own fuel, raw attacked by colleagues.
materials & labour from - Glorification of the working class - dictatorship of the Proletariat, 'workers' paradise.
their 'profits' Success of the FYP's
Living conditions still pretty MANAGERS
grim, overcrowding, bad Managers received a bonus of
hygiene, food & water up to 40% of his income if he did
- For all their problems, FYP's helped transform USSR into a modern industrial economy.
shortages Strikes illegal better than expected -
- Despite over-ambitious targets & focus on quantity over quality, economic growth & increased output achieved.
Had to ensure books were corruption?
- Soviet economy grew at 5 to 6% each year between 1928 and 1940.
balanced so not accused of
- Between 1928 and 1932, industrial workforce doubled & urban population increased a lot.
Despite communist doctrines of WORKERS wrecking (industrial
- 3 good years (1934-36) saw an increase in consumer goods, productivity and wages rose, prices fell.
equality, in 1929, female workers only sabotage)
- But, gains didn't last - 3rd FYP interrupted and derailed by approach of war & German invasion in 1941.
c29% of workforce & in low-paid low- Lots of vacancies at the top - Ability of USSR to gear itself for war was a reflection of the plans' successes.
skill jobs (social advancement) after Received high status & high - Social downsides, e.g. shortages of skilled labour (purges) & bad oil crises.
purges of intellectuals & Normal to falsify statistics under salaries as part of the new
Zhenotdel (Party department From 1938 labour books & - Overall, the FYP's transformed the basis of Soviet economy, advanced proletarianisation of Russian
white-collar workers pressure of quotas as they could industrial elite
devoted to women's affairs) internal passports recorded people & fostered pride in Communism against Western Capitalism that had suffered (economic
be put on trial, imprisoned or
Still paid less than men (40% employment skills & depression).
closed down in 1930 executed if targets not met
less), but just over 43% of disciplinary action
industrial workforce female Opportunities for advancement,
by 1940 1931 wage differentials
introduced to reward good
workers. 'Pay by the piece'
Degree of enthusiasm
increased productivity
among workers in early
years of industrialisation
From 1936, Party made
women's entry into
WOMEN
management positions easier
- opportunities for
But, by 1935 they made up 42% of
advancement
all industrial workers
Labour shortages meant factory
During 2nd FYP, Party took note of
managers employed many more
value of female labour & ordered more
women - also reduced the need for
to be employed in heavy industry. But,
new urban housing
there was still discrimination &
harassment for them at work
