Summary
Summary Essential Notes: Cardiology: Heart Failure
- Course
- Institution
Personal revision notes compiled from a combination of lecture notes and textbooks. Notes created between .
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
Noteorious
Content preview
Heart failure Classification & ManagementDefinition inability of cardiac output to meet
physiological demands of the body Investigations
Bloods FBC, U&Es, BNP, TFT,
Pathophysiology
lipids, glucose
1. Reduced CO initially compensation
Starling effect dilates heart to increase CXR
contractility Alveolar shadowing
Remodelling hypertrophy kerley B lines
RAS + ANP/BNP release Cardiomegaly
Sympathetic activation
2. Progressive reduction in CO Dilated upper lobe vessels
decompensation Effusions
Progressive dilatation impaired Fluid in fissures
contractility + functional valve regurgitation ECG ischaemia, hypertrophy, AF
Hypertrophy relative myocardial
ischaemia ECHO (gold standard)
RAS activation Na + and fluid retention Previous MI? Yes within 2
oedema weeks
Sympathetic activation increased Previous MI? No Measure
afterload reduced CO
Signs cold peripheries + cyanosis, often in AF,
BNP
cardiomegaly, S3 + tachycardia = gallop, wheeze, BNP high within 2 weeks
bibasal creps BNP raised within 6 weeks
BNP levels
Classification
High >400
1. Left ventricular failure (LVF) symptoms: PND,
wheeze, nocturnal cough, pink sputum Raised 100-400
(pulmonary oedema) Normal <100
2. Right ventricular failure (RVF) symptoms:
Peripheral oedema, ascites, raised JVP,
smooth hepatomegaly
3. Low output pump failure (systolic, diastolic,
arrhythmias), excessive pre-load + afterload
4. High output anaemia, AVM, thyrotoxicosis,
thiamine deficiency, pregnancy, Paget’s
Management
New York Heart Association (NYHA) 1. Conservative: Rx risk
classification
i) No limitation of physical activity
factors
ii) Slight limitation of physical activity 2. Medical
iii) Marked limitation of physical activity ACEi
iv) Inability to carry out physical activity
Beta-blockers
(Bisoprolol/Carvediol)
Candesartan
Digoxin
Diuretic
Framingham criteria Spironolactone
2 major criteria/1 major + 2 minor
Major criteria PAINS Minor criteria PAIN 1 : ACEi + beta-blocker
st
2nd: Spironolactone,
Paroxysmal nocturnal Pleural effusion
dyspnoea ARB/Hydralazine w/ nitrates
Acute pulmonary oedema Ankle oedema 3rd: Digoxin/CRT/Ivabradine
(bilateral)
Increased heart size/ Increased HR > 120 (already on suitable Rx, HR >
Increased CVP bpm 75, LVF < 35%)
Neck vein distension Nocturnal cough
S3 gallop
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Noteorious. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $4.04. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
77764 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now