USABO-ETHOLOGY
Types of animal signaling/communication - ANS-1. Pheromones: Chemical signals that
have evolved for communication between members of the same species
2. Auditory: Vocalizations for animals to remain hidden while talking
3. Visual: Signals that can be seen like gestures, facial expressions, body posture,
coloration
4. Tactile: Involves touching, most common form like grooming, mating, infant care,
social bonding
Stimulus response chain - ANS-The response to each stimulus serves as a stimulus for
the next behavior. EXAMPLE: Bees showing other bees where theres food when they
return to the hive by doing a waggle dance->dance is a reponse to the stimuli of food,
causes other bees to all go there
CATEGORY 1: INNATE BEHAVIOR - ANS-Behavior that is genetically hardwired to an
organism and can be performed in reponse to a cue without prior experience.
EXAMPLE: Human knee hitting reflex, bird songs, sucking reflex in newborns
Instinct - ANS-Behavior that is not learned.
2 types: Kinesis(non-directional change in movement. Example is a cell moving due to
the stimuli of temperature) and Taxis(movement towards or away from stimuli. Woodlice
moving away from a light source is negative)
Safety reflexes - ANS-Aka avoidance behavior. Seen in animals exposed to
adverse(unpleasant) stimuli: Tendency to act defensively is stronger then the tendency
to attack, such as active avoidance(fleeing), passive avoidance(freezing stock-still or
hiding), and protective reflexes(limbs are retracted to protect sensitive areas-like cat's
ear retraction to a position of safety)
Behavioral rhythms - ANS-2 types: circadian(body clock that is synchronized with period
of daylight-evolutionary benefit) and migration/hibernation
Fixed action patterns - ANS--a sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple
stimulus. Triggered by a
sign/external stimulus. Example: Sticklebacks males are aggressive when they see
red(the sign stimulus), greylag gose will roll her eggs back into the nest if they roll out
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