Summary Ultimate Civil Rights in USA () A-Level summaries and essay plans
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Course
Civil rights in the usa 1865-1992 (Y31901)
Institution
OCR
All necessary course content summarised in first document, organised by year, social, economic and political factors, and group as indicated under the course.
The second document consists of ALL possible essay questions that could be asked for the civil rights exam, broken down into individual fac...
(1 for trade unions) and a couple of extra ones that may not be the right format of essay but more shitty qs so good to plan anyways
Women
Essay title Overall argument
, Social, yes w radicalesbians and their undermining of the movement, merely substantiated men's opinions of feminists, gave
Divisions within the women's them cause for both “de jure” and “de facto” hindrance, w only 40% supporting gender equality in 1990. However, cannot be said
movement most important that they were only limited as a result of this, the internal divisions were largely only an excuse for patriarchal/ misogynistic
factor hindering their rights opinions- similarly w male support for Phyllis Schlafly for stop era movement based upon their preferences and what would
have suited their needs… equally perceived this tendance in suburban living era of 1950s and “separate spheres” of earlier
NO- SOCIETAL ATTITUDES AND period, cult of domesticity that they wanted to reinforce throughout the period. Divisions merely gave impetus for their cause,
FED GOV was more so societal attitudes that were the greater hindrance. Economic, societal view of separate spheres manifested in the
workforce, where many women were opposed to leaving the home to enter paid employment. 1936 Gallup poll found 82% of
American men opposed to married women at work, and with this being the main consistent view in a patriarchal society it would
have also reflected on the women at the same time. This attitude seen in later anti-feminist campaigns led by women, who
believed that the feminism of the 1960s (headed by Betty F w 1963 ‘The Feminine Mystique’ which was against cult of
domesticity) was attempting to force women out of the home and into work without considering the wishes of those women in
the first place. However it was overall social attitudes of the patriarchal society that influenced women out of the workforce, not
the divisions between the women themselves. Political, yes w stop ERA opposing the introduction of the ERA into the constitution,
meaning that women were still reliant on a liberal SC to interpret the male-dominated constitution in their favour - also seen in
the outcome of 1973 RvW, bc even though it was passed in favour it was limited by Hyde amendment by giving states ability to
implement the legislation their own way = this clause was galvanised by opposition from women in the stop ERA movement,
who were anti-abortion for mainly religious reasons and anti-ERA bc it would make men and women “too equal”. Equally,
divisions between NWSA and AWSA arguably delayed any kind of federal legislation, it was only when they united in 1890 that
they began to see state by state change, and the 19th amendment of 1921- however Wyoming gave women “full” suffrage 1869,
so arguably divisions not main hindrance, was dependent on attitudes of society and government.
Social, yes- changing attitudes, Betty F and Feminine Mystique 1963 in challenging suburban living and cult of domesticity, birth
It was the activism of women of new wave of feminism and beginning to question the patriarchal standards, and starting to look for purpose in life in sources
themselves that was most other than the family and the home. Additionally beginning to question their overarching lack of bodily autonomy, signif ruling
important factor advancing Roe V wade 1973- however Maggie S and overturning of Comstock laws equally important, Roe V Wade building upon this.
their rights However w radicalesbians and their undermining of the movement, merely substantiated men's opinions of feminists, gave
them cause for both “de jure” and “de facto” hindrance, w only 40% supporting gender equality in 1990. Nonetheless, while were
YES- but economically dependent on masc dominated fed gov/ sc for legislative/ “de jure” advancement of their rights, activism was more important
advancement depended on in both “de jure” and “de facto” advancement, esp concerning their bodily autonomy and the shifting attitudes of the time.
state of economy/ Political, the changing social attitudes was also reflected in legislation, w 1963 EPA and 1965 Exec Order 11375 to stop employment
standards discrim in fed companies showing the female activism was gaining recognition on a political level as well as a societal one. The
,impact of the voice women had on a political level was encouraged earlier by 1920 19th amendment that gave women the vote
and the standing upon which to enact political change, which was initially galvanised by female campaigning from 1890 NAWSA
to give women the right to vote- however Wyoming gave women “full” suffrage 1869, predating women's activism, arguably
therefore it was attitudes of time and misogynistic society that had greater say, but women showed themselves to be
politically-ept, such as the activism of the 1960s, but also of the 1800s, and the prohibition movement post 1874 demonstrating
women's ability to put across convincing arguments… Economic, yes, 1960s prioritising of education and career due to work of
Betty F for example, w 2x as many women in the workforce in 1960 as in 1940, also aided by shift of attitudes during war period-
arguably not activism but role of women in showing their capabilities, such as in wwi with 8 mill volunteering for red cross, 7000
as hello girls, took the same oath of allegiance as soldiers, received the same pay as soldiers, and wore the insignia of the signal
corps, and equally WWII effects saw 1950 banks employing more women than men. Nonetheless, dependent on economy/ how/
when their employment would be beneficial to men, 1946 2 mill fired from industry for example, so economic advancement
fluctuated throughout the period undoubtedly.
, Socially, no, often undermined each other with opposing movements and ideas about femininity and the role of women, such as
How united were American Phyllis Schlafly and her stop ERA movement, ideas about morality and the “cult of domesticity”, undermining movement of Betty
women in support of gender Friedan and her activism that women should not seek first and foremost to be wives and mothers, but to advance in their
equality careers and earn a sense of achievement and sense in their lives outside of the home. Equally the role of radicalesbians in
undermining the cause for gender equality, only proved impetus for male attitude, by 1990 only 40% wanted a gender equal
NO- not united, but main society. Additionally these divisions/ lack of unity can also be perceived through the AWSA and NWSA of 1860s-1890, however
limiting factor was 1890 merger to form NAWSA. Politically, these divisions also corroborated by legislation, or lack thereof, therefore more difficult to
patriarchy/ limitations of this set a precedent politically, w stop ERA opposing the introduction of the ERA into the constitution, meaning that women were still
for women reliant on a liberal SC to interpret the male-dominated constitution in their favour - also seen in the outcome of 1973 RvW, bc
even though it was passed in favour it was limited by Hyde amendment by giving states ability to implement the legislation their
own way = this clause was galvanised by opposition from women in the stop ERA movement, who were anti-abortion for mainly
religious reasons and anti-ERA bc it would make men and women “too equal”. Equally, divisions between NWSA and AWSA
arguably delayed any kind of federal legislation, it was only when they united in 1890 that they began to see state by state
change, and the 19th amendment of 1921. Economically, societal view of separate spheres manifested in the workforce, where
many women were opposed to leaving the home to enter paid employment. 1936 Gallup poll found 82% of American men
opposed to married women at work, and with this being the main consistent view in a patriarchal society it would have also
reflected on the women at the same time. This attitude seen in later anti-feminist campaigns led by women, who believed that
the feminism of the 1960s (headed by Betty F w 1963 ‘The Feminine Mystique’ which was against cult of domesticity) was
attempting to force women out of the home and into work without considering the wishes of those women in the first place.
However largely united in support of equality, was more so misogynistic society that limited their gender equality economically.
Social- divided into more religious/ moral opposition and misogynistic based opposition, but these two forms of social
Reasons to opposition to
opposition did remain the same- with the belief of separate spheres evolving into the cult of domesticity of the 1950s and 1960s,
gender equality remained
and early in the period, with the “traditional values” in the home, this sentiment can also be perceived in the Gallup poll of 1936,
the same
in which only 18% believed that women should work. Furthermore these more misogynistic oppositions manifested themselves
YES right up until the end of the period, in which only 40% of American men agreed with the idea of gender equality, believing that it
should be effectuated. However regarding religious opposition that many had towards women this mainly manifested itself in
the abortion rulings of roe v wade, and additionally in issues regarding birth control, such as opposition to the work of Margaret
Sanger and the ABCL in their work overturning the Comstock laws of 1873. Economic- ‘economic opposition depended on the
state of the economy’, as perceived during times of war, such as the promotion of women in industry, w Rosie the Riveter, but
also federal government based promotion w the 1940 selective training act to train women up for the workforce - however after
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