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Optimisation of Behaviour: Sex, Behaviour and Life Histories Revision Notes $9.71
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Optimisation of Behaviour: Sex, Behaviour and Life Histories Revision Notes

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  • Optimisation of Behaviour: Sex, Behaviour and Life Histories (BIOL30013)
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  • University Of Bristol (UOB)
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A full compilation of all 15 lectures of the University of Bristol course 'Optimisation of Behaviour: Sex, Behaviour and Life Histories'. Independent reading is included (highlighted in yellow). The module focuses on the evolution and maintenance of sex.

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Document information

  • August 5, 2019
  • 67
  • 2018/2019
  • Class notes
  • Unknown
  • All classes

Subjects

  • biology
  • sex
  • evolution
  • behaviour

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  • University of Bristol (UOB)
  • Biology
  • Optimisation of Behaviour: Sex, Behaviour and Life Histories (BIOL30013)
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What is sex?
Sex: “the recombination of genes from separate sources into a single organism”
For most eukaryotes it involves alternation between diploid and haploid life stages
 Dominant diploid phase: e.g. animals and flowering plants (haploid phase = gametes)
 Dominant haploid phase: e.g. fungi, moss and algae (diploid phase = haploid mating
types (gametophytes) join to form a sporophyte, which immediately undergoes
meiosis to form 4 spores)
 (could look at fungi lectures from 1st year)
 Haploid and diploid phases can look very similar (e.g. Ulva)
Dioecy (gonochorism) = reproductively subdivided into two sexes (sexual dimorphism)
 Reported in close to half of all angiosperm families (Heilbuth, 2000)
 Rumex nivalis (flowering plant): heavier and earlier germinating male seeds (Barrett
& Hough, 2013)
 Silene latifolia (short-lived flowering plant): females grow larger and live longer
(Barrett & Hough, 2013)
Mating types = incompatibility systems, but not the same as ‘sexes’
 Can have multiple mating types, each of which can mate with any others but not its
own type
: e.g. Stylonychia Mytilus (a ciliate) has ~100 mating types
 In many species of microorganisms (fungi, protozoans)
Main factors of sex in eukaryotes:
 Alternation between diploid and haploid life stages
 Reduction division via meiosis (chromosome number halved – haploid phase)
 Crossing-over (prior to separation of homologous chromosome pairs)
 fusion of haploid gametes with those of the opposite sex (syngamy)
Costs of sex
meiosis is energetically costly (consumes more ATP than mitosis) and error prone (high
error rate)
finding a mate is energetically costly
 males spend time and energy fighting with males and trying to impress females
 females spend time and energy finding the ideal mate
recombination: separation of linked, co-adapted genes
 crossing-over and mixing with other organisms genes disrupts adapted gene
combinations
 heterozygote advantage

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