A full compilation of all 15 lectures of the University of Bristol course 'Oceans'. Independent reading is included (highlighted in yellow). The module covers the key concepts relating to the evolution and ecology of life in oceanic systems.
Oceans Revision Notes
The Oceans Toolkit (look at case studies which use these methods and learn about how
they are used and their limitations?)
1) Species distribution information large scale databases (e.g. WoRMS, OBIS and GBIF) can
inform us of the diversity of habitats and be used in large (macroscale) analyses.
2) Information on past and present environments can inform us of present distributions.
Such data are readily sourced. It can also help us to understand vulnerability to modelled
changes (e.g. OA, temperatures, sea levels).
3) DNA sequence-based phylogenetics can inform us about the evolutionary history of
species, including their divergence time from other species, and divergence of
populations within species.
4) Sequencing of bulk RNA of organisms, for characterisation of genes expressed in the
environment
5) Sequencing of bulk DNA or organisms, for community structure across habitats, space,
time
6) Sequencing of environmental DNA, for revealing species that may be difficult to locate
using other methods
7) Sequencing of allelic diversity in the oceans, for population genetics of species that may
be hard to sample.
8) Phylogenetic methods for comparing rates of speciation among clades of marine
organisms (diversification rates per clade)
9) Genomic variants reveal the relationships between populations (mitogenomes, RAD
sequencing, whole genome sequencing)
10) Genomic variants can tell about the genes under selection (whole genome sequencing
most appropriate)
11) Habitat information is critical if we are to test for local adaptation – surveys, diet
information.
12) Active acoustics for mapping and quantifying the abundance of organisms in the water
column.
13) Passive acoustics for identifying the presence of organisms, (e.g. fish and whales), their
final scale habitat preferences (e.g. cod) or assessing the health of the environment (e.g.
coral reefs).
14) Satellite tags, for studying space use, environmental preferences and behaviour.
15) High resolution satellite images for identifying the size and distribution of large
organisms, or groups of organisms.
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