An in-depth and comprehensive summary of chapter 2.
These notes allow for a detailed understanding and deep understanding.
These notes allowed to me to receive distinctions throughout the entire module.
I achieved golden key using these notes.
CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL APPROACHES AND PERSPECTIVES IN
VICTIMOLOGY
THEORETICAL APPROACHES:
1. Lifestyle exposure model of personal victimization
o Hindelang, Gottfredson and Garofalo 1978
2. Routine activities approach:
o Cohen and felson 1979
3. Opportunity model
o Cohen, Kleugel and Land 1981
4. The differential risk model of criminal Victimization
o Fattah 1991
5. Extended low self-control theory:
o Shreck 1999
6. Extended control balance theory:
o Piquero and Hickman 2003
1. Lifestyle/exposure model of personal victimization:
Based on the notion that the likelihood of victimization depends on lifestyle and that
any change to the individual or group of individuals, whether potential victims or of
wrongdoers is sufficient to:
o increase or decrease exposure to risk and provide opportunities for
victimization
Indicates that lifestyle and victimization is related to demographic characteristics
such as:
o Age
o Gender
o Marital status
o Race
o Income
Prerequisites for victimization- Hindelang:
o An offender and a victim who meet at a particular time and place
o Some type of dispute or claim in which the offender regards the victim as a
suitable object of victimization
o An offender who is willing and able to use violence or the threat of violence
to achieve the desired result
, o An offender who regards the circumstances as advantageous for threatening
or for using force or stealth
Important elements of the lifestyle/exposure model:
o Role expectations
In line with expectation of others, people behave in certain ways and
develop lifestyles that are greater or lesser extent conducive to
victimization
An individual’s social role is determined by demographic
characteristics
o Structural constraints
Behavior in a particular role is not free of constraint
Familial, economic and legal structures can restrict behavioral pattern
of individuals
Economic factors – type of leisure activities and access to
opportunities
o Adaptions
Individuals adapt to role expectations and structural constraints in
ways that result in regularities in behavioral patterns
These regular behavioral patterns or routine activities
increase/decrease an individual’s changes of victimization
Adaption occurs at both individual and group levels
o Exposure
Direct link exists between lifestyle and exposure to situations in which
the risk of victimization is high
o Associations:
The indirect link between lifestyle and exposure occurs as a result of
associations
Associations refers to more or less situated relationships among
individuals that evolve as a result of similar lifestyles and hence
similar interests shared
Association with offenders who disproportionately have
particular characteristics would thus increase exposure to
victimization
2. Routine activities approach:
The focus of this approach is to explain how spatial-temporal organization of social
activities contributes to the translation of criminal propensities into criminal actions:
o Crime is the product or result of an opportunity that presents itself during
social activities that take place on the street on a daily basis called routine
activities
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller jamm. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $2.82. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
