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Human biology, microorganisms and pathogenesis. Received a distinction
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Olivia BrooksMicroorganisms and Pathogenesis
Protists
Protists – Euglena
Ribosomes – Tiny organelles attached to the ER or free floating in cell. Consists of two
subunits, which isn’t surrounded by a membrane. Protein synthesis occurs here. (Annets et
al, 2016)
Mitochondrion – They have two membranes. Inner membrane – highly folded to form
cristae. The centre part is called the matrix. They are long in shape and/or spherical depends
on the angle the mitochondria is cut at. (Annets et al, 2016)
Endoplasmic reticulum – The Network of membrane bound flattened sacs called cisternae
(smooth = no ribosomes responsible for synthesis and transport and carbohydrates, rough =
has ribosomes, protein synthesis takes place on the ribosomes and then transported to the
Golgi apparatus) (Annets et al, 2016)
Nucleus – The nucleus is the largest organelle, which is surrounded by a nuclear envelope
which has nuclear pores to allow the movement of molecules. The nucleus contains
, chromatin. Controls and regulates cellular activity and houses genetic material called
chromatin, DNA and proteins therefore giving the instructions for proteins. (Annets et al,
2016)
Nucleolus – Dense spherical structure in the middle of the nucleus. The nucleoles make RNA
and ribosomes. (Annets et al, 2016)
Cell membrane – It is made up of phospholipid bilayer, which could have proteins. It has a
partially permeable membrane, which controls wat goes in and out of the cell. Chennel
proteins allow larger substances to diffuse into the cell. (Annets et al, 2016)
Golgi Apparatus – A stack of membrane bound flattened sacs. Newly made protein is found
here from the rough ER. The Golgi apparatus modifies the protein and packages it into
vesicles to then be transported. (Annets et al, 2016)
Cytoplasm- A thick gelatinous semi-transparent fluid, the cytoplasm maintains cell shape
and stores chemicals needed by the cell for metabolic reactions.
Chloroplasts- Das a double membrane and is filled with a fluid called stroma. The inner
membrane- network of flattened sacs called thylakoids, stack of flylakoids is called a granum,
containing chlorophyll pigment. The site of photosynthesis, used to produce carbohydrate
molecules from water and CO2. (Annets et al, 2016)
Flagellum – A microscopic hair-like organelle which is used by cells and microorganisms for
movement. Used to propel through liquid. Some eukaryotic cells used flagellum to increase
reproduction rate. Other eukaryotic cells use flagellum to sense changes in the environment
(e.g., temperature or PH). (Editors, 2017)
Stigma (eyespot)- is a heavily pigmented region, and is also a light sensitive region, as its
function is light reception, influencing motion towards the light. (Thomas, 2023)
Contractile vacuole- this organelle expands and contract to pump water out of the cell
(osmoregulation) and waste products. (Vandivort, 2022)
Photoreceptor- This light-sensitive region detects light and is located near the flagellum. It
assists in phototaxis (movement toward or away from light). (N, 2023)
Stored carbohydrates- Carbohydrates are stored in the cell for energy. (Lumen Learning),
2023)
Classification of protists
A protist is a eukaryote (a cell with membrane bound organelles) which belongs to the
Protista kingdom. (Solanki, 2023)
Scientists mainly categorise protists by their mode of movement (locomotion). In this instant
protists are categorised into four groups. (Solanki, 2023)
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