AQA A Level essay plans for every topic of the Tudors. 47 pages of in depth revision essay plans with key dates, statistics and arguments. Each essay plan covers all you would need to write an essay on the given topic (so start, middle and end of each monarch's reign)
Control of Nobles and Establishing Power
- Battle of Bosworth: 22nd Aug 1485
Successful Unsuccessful
- First parliament start of reign - Increasing harsh enforcement of
backdated by one day so all who feudal rights over reign. Earned £350
fought against him were treasonous from marriage and inheritance in
- Used for cash →Lord Tyrell had to 1486, £6000 in 1508
pay £1738 to get his father’s estate. - 1485-6 passed 28 attainders, 1504-9
Henry VII left £1.8 million treasury. passed 51. This is significant as at
- Patronage system reversed from way start of reign had to establish authority
of buying loyalty to loyalty being a way - Lord Burgavenny paid £70,550 for
to earn it illegally retaining over 471 men.
- Used attainders to promote loyalty. However this was split between 26
- Thomas Howard, Earl of Essex was people so not as significant.
imprisoned in March 1486 for fighting - Marquis of Dorset given bond of
with his father against Henry at £3000 1493-4 and subsequently
Bosworth. Lands were attainted and £70,000 1504-5 for suspected
title of Duke of Norfolk not given to involvement in Simnel plot
him. Showed loyalty by not escaping →increasing severity
during the Simnel rebellion. Released - Edmund and Dudley (heads of
Jan 1489 after taking oath of loyalty. Council of the Learned in the Law)
Nucleus of estate and title of Earl of were executed under Henry VIII upon
Essex restored after helping put down ascension showing how hated Henry
Yorkshire rising/discontent 1489. Put VII’s system had become
in charge of law and order in the - Made stanley duke of bedford and
North. Given rest of lands after putting gave land but still betrayed him later
down 1492. due to increasingly harsh/money
- 36/62 nobles gave bonds and hoarding policies
recognisances 1495-1504. The
Dowager Duchess of Buckingham
paid £7000 for marrying without King’s
permission 1496. Her son paid £7000
1498 for inheriting early without King’s
permission.
- Gave JPs more authority over reign
instead of sheriffs. JPs were crown
appointed and controlled. Replaced
jurors and responsible for Law and
Order. This gave the impression that
King was the most important local
landlord. 1487 established a system
of complaints against JPs.
,Pretenders
Successful Unsuccessful
- All treaties with foreign countries had - Lovell escaped to Flanders and was
clause stopping them from supporting given refuge
threats to crown - Lovell plot →potential for unrest in
- Supporters of lovell disintegrated multiple regions (north riding of
when Jasper Tudor promised pardon yorkshire and west midlands in this
to all those who stopped supporting case)
him - Lovell plot failure →Simnel
- Sir humphrey stafford was captured - Simnel received foreign support (2000
and executed mercenaries from Margaret of
- Henry was prepared for Simnel due to Burgundy)
plans to invade Ireland (already had - Irish support for Simnel (crowned in
army) and vague reports thanks to may 1487 and Kildare provided
spies 4000-6000 irish men)
- Henry’s army of 12,000 outnumbered - Simnel got support in Ireland partly
Simnel’s 8000 due to Kildare not being recognised
- Simnel’s army faced heavy losses as Lord Deputy or Archbishop of
(more than half killed and total Dublin’s role being recognised by King
casualties up to 5 times as many as - Simnel crowned in Ireland may 1487
Bosworth) and after small victories against
- Henry’s army was better armed than cavalry wings of Henry’s armies, was
most of Simnel’s (irish terribly armed) proclaimed King Edward VI in York
and heavy losses were exacted by - Simnel’s army won a skirmish against
longbow men Lord Clifford after 3 days of running
- Simnel captured and given position in alongside each other, forcing Clifford
royal kitchens →he himself was no to retreat back to Nottingham
threat - Lord Strange was absent for Battle of
- John de la Pole was killed with Stoke (16th June 1487) →reminder of
leaders of irish and mercenary armies Bosworth
and Symonds was kept in Bishops’ - Henry did not know size of army nor
prison how well armed they were and had
- Henry won what can be considered been led by de la Pole to a site better
the last battle of the wars of the roses suited to a small army → failure of spy
- Warbeck fled Ireland in 1492 when system and reminder of Bosworth
Henry sent a force there - Warbeck emerged in Cork in 1492
- Warbeck failed to land 15 boat fleet in →Most of Ireland continued to be out
1495 and 150 of his men were killed of Henry’s control and hostile to him
getting ashore by arrow fire - Fled to France and was welcomed
- Maximilian’s support was limited due due to Henry’s handling of Brittany
to Ottoman threat, among other things crisis
- Warbeck went on to Ireland and - Margaret treated Warbeck, as she had
unsuccessfully besieged Waterford for Simnel, as her nephew and taught
11 days but had to flee to Scotland him more about how to behave as a
thanks to Sir Edward Poynings yorkist
- Warbeck’s invasion only lasted 2 days - Warbeck also got support from
as they failed to gain english support Maximilian in 1495 for small invasion
- Warbeck failed to gain support in fleet of 15 ships and 1,500 men under
, ireland from Kildare when he returned two captains from the armies of Philip
showing Henry’s long term success in and Maximilian (Max was promised
gaining loyalty Warbeck’s ‘claim’ if Warbeck died)
- Warbeck failed to gain support of any - 1496 Warbeck was given generous
nobility in Cornwall as many were pension by James IV and marriage to
demoralised after being defeated at King’s cousin Lady Catherine Gordon
Blackheath during rebellion - Jan 1496 James supported Warbeck’s
- Warbeck’s force failed to capture large border raid into England
Exeter or Taunton - Sept 1496 invasion for 2 days 1,500
- Warbeck was arrested after being men
persuaded to leave sanctuary at - Army raised by Henry caused 1497
Beaulieu Abbey and brought to King cornish rebellion
oct 1497 - Warbeck did gain 6000 men support
- Henry executed Warbeck by hanging in Cornwall following rebellion
him, not trad way to kill nobles - Warbeck was treated well in court
highlighting he had no claim to throne (allowed to be with wife) but tried to
- After de la Pole fled, Henry sent escape with the Earl of Warwick in
envoys to negotiate his return and 1498. Both were executed.
arrested all his associates. This led to - Edmund de la Pole’s threat was
his return to England. caused partly by Henry’s treatment of
- Edmund de la Pole handed over him following his brother's
march 1506 (castilian succession disobedience. He was not allowed to
crisis) inherit his ducal title and lands were
attainted.
- In 1499, when de la Pole killed a man
due to appear at Henry’s court, he
was humiliatingly forced to be tried in
an ordinary court instead of in front of
his peers. This led to him fleeing to
Burgundy in the summer of 1499.
- De la Pole fled again in summer 1501
with his brother Richard.
- De la Pole received support from
Maximilian as he had promised to
support any yorkist claimants
- De la Pole started calling himself the
Yorkist Rose →threat of real claimant
- Henry paid Max a one off £10,000 to
fund an expedition against the
Ottomans which never happened and
a total of over £250,000 to try to
persuade Max to withdraw support for
the de la Poles but this failed
- Philip forced trade concessions with
England
- 1505 trade embargo →effect of de la
Pole
- Treaty of Windsor, although
successful, meant Henry had to fund
Philip and Juana’s journey to Castile
, (approx £136,000) and he couldn’t
execute Edmund de la Pole
Government and Court
- 227 councillors in reign
- 6/7 core advisors
- Privy council had no concrete rules
Successful Unsuccessful
- Court became more powerful as - Council of the learned in the law was
power of magnates diminished and disbanded in 1509 and Edmund
Henry became richer Dudley and Richard Empson were
- JPs were used to assert King’s subsequently arrested (2nd day after
authority as the most important local HVII’s death)→unpopular
landowner. 1487 act said all office - Henry was denied subsidy of £90,000
holders could be retained by King. in 1504, instead got £40,000
1489 JPs could rule on all cases - Northumberland murdered 1489
except murder. 18 JPs per county on →lack of regional security
average. Used bond and - Yorkshire rising in 1492 caused
recognisances on gentry to minimise largely by regionalism (Yorkshire had
corruption of JPs. Increasingly to pay tax while border regions did
appointed lesser landowners who not) →failure of border control
valued status of position more so - Simnel rebellion showed that Ireland
were more loyal. 1495 they could remained hostile to Henry VII
replace jurors they thought were - Failure of Poynings (too expensive
corrupt/being influenced by others. due to sept 1497 scottish invasion
- Grand displays at court reflected the attempt) →Kildare returned as Lord
influence of European governments Lieutenant of Ireland, cheaper but had
(France and Burgundy). Henry had betrayed Henry in past
large statues of previous Kings and - After Surrey, Council of North was led
tapestries from arras to give an by Archbishop of York →failure to
accessible (for the illiterate) portrayal adhere to policy of appointing people
of his power. without regional interests
- After Northumberland was murdered - Stanley, Henry’s step-uncle, was
in 1489, he was replaced by the Earl made Duke of Bedford, given lands
of Surrey as warden of the North. This and led Council of Wales (nominally
was not a threat to Henry as Surrey under Arthur) but still discovered to be
had no regional interests there. Also plotting against Henry while Henry’s
Surrey had benefited from a new spies were working against Warbeck.
system of patronage by earning the This was along with another member
nucleus of his estate back by refusing of Henry’s household.
to escape during simnel rebellion.
- Jasper Tudor was made warden of
Wales and the Marches (Step-Uncle
of Henry)
- Largely independent of Parliament.
Called 7 times in total, 5 in first
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