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Chapter 3_ Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) questions and and answers
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Chapter 3: Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD)
Abnormalities in Brain Structure/Function - correct answer-It is possible that children with
autism start life with brains that are physically different from those of typical developing
children. It is also possible that the way in which life life experiences are mapped onto the
brain is altered as a result of these differences. Studies indicate subtle differences in several
areas of the brain,Meaning researchers are unsure which area, or combination, results in the
disorder.
Ambiguous Hand Preference - correct answer-Occurs when child switches hand to perform
the same activity.
ASD Core Symptoms - correct answer-There are two core symptoms: difficulty in social
interaction (which includes language issues) and restrictive and repetitive behavior.
ASD Core Symptoms: Langauge Impairments - correct answer-This includes the delays in
language development and abnormalities in language use. Children with autism show delays
in learning how to speak, with some children unable to use words until their school age
years. In severe cases spoken language may not be acquired at all. The child's ability to
respond to voices or comprehend verbal language (auditory processing) can also be
impacted. It's not uncommon to hear parents say that their child does not respond when
spoken to or called by name. Social impairments play a role here because these children
may not be motivated to communicate, are typically challenged to understands social cues
such as facial expressions or intonation to interpret meaning, and have difficulty maintaining
the give-and-take of conversations. Echolalia, pronoun reversal and use of out of context
words may also be present.
ASD Core Symptoms: Restrictive and Repetitive Behaviors - correct answer-Individuals with
autism often exhibit an abnormal or intense preoccupation with routines and patterns.
Obsessions with specific topics are common (letters, numbers, elevators). Additional
common characteristics include rigidity in daily routines, abnormal stereotyped behaviors like
repetitive hand flapping or body rocking, and unusual, nonfunctional preoccupation with
parts of an object (wheels on a toy car).
ASD Core Symptoms: Social Interaction Issues - correct answer-Difficulty in social
interaction: Limited use of eye contact, facial expressions, and social gestures like
shrugging, pointing, lifting arms up to be lifted). Issues interpreting body language or facial
expressions. Children with ASD often do not seek out others to share enjoyment, do not
share interest in the same objects objects as peers, and don't look for approval or
reassurance from parents. They may have little interest in peers or may not know how to
express themselves. Kids with ASD often prefer playing alone, limited or repetitive play
routines, and limited/absent pretend play skills.
, ASD Diagnostic Characteristics - correct answer-Impairment in social communication and
social interaction that occurs over several contexts. Restricted, repetitive behavior, interests,
and/or activities. Children with ASD are typically deviant and delayed in typical patterns of
development.
ASD Impact on Occupational Performance - correct answer-Each case is different and
depends on where/ how severe the disability occurs. ADLs like dressing/eating can be
difficult in those with sensory disorders/postural issues. IADLs like driving/shopping can be a
problem in those with emotional regulation issues and focusing problems. Play and leisure
can be limited due to need for repetitive behavior. Education can be affected. Employment is
also affected. ASD is pervasive and can impact every area of occupational performance.
ASD Incidence and Prevalence - correct answer-Affects 1% of the world population. 3.5
million Americans live with the disability. Prevalence has been rising steadily and increased
by 119.4% from the year 2000 where 1 in 50 were diagnosed with autism, to the year 2010
where 1 in 68 children were diagnosed. Autism is the fastest growing developmental
disability.
Asperger's Disorder - correct answer-DSM-IV characterized this form of autism isashaving
social and behavioral challenges without presentation of cognitive deficits. This led to a
better prognosis at being able to function independently in employment and self-sufficient
living.
Assessing the Child for Autism - correct answer-First comes concern about abnormal
behavior from the parent. The child is screened by an early car provider/professional.
Important to get someone with experience as no two types of autism are the same. Usually
an autism evaluation team is used which includes a pediatrician, psychologist, OT, and SLP.
Attention Deficit Patterns in ASD - correct answer-Distractibility, disorganization, intense
preoccupation in preferred activities for unusual lengths of time, and lack of boredom in
repeating same action.
Autism and Cognitive Impairments - correct answer-Common, but not universal in the autism
population. ASD individuals usually have scattered skills. Generalization, symbolic play,
theory of mind, imitation and creativity are all areas of struggle. However, they tend to be
above average in puzzles, calculations, and rote verbal memory. They have better visual
spatial skills than auditory verbal skills on IQ tests (Rapin). Some read at a young age with
minimal teaching. but experience hyperlexia. Executive functioning (planning, mnemonics,
cognitive flexibility) are often impacted.
Autism and Language Delay - correct answer-Common in ASD. Some are highly verbal
(literal, echolalia, and repetitive speech) and others are nonverbal. Language
comprehension and motivation can be affected. Children with ASD who are verbal may have
odd intonation like sing song speech or monotone patterns. Lack of understanding what they
hear may lead to inability to produce certain words sounds accurately.
Autism and Memory - correct answer-Children with ASD often show scattered pattern of
memory functions. More complexity = greater impairment because they use fewer
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