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HMX Immunology- ALL Questions and and answers
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HMX Immunology- ALLABO blood groups - correct answer-carbohydrate antigens on the surface of blood cells
determine blood type
adaptive immunity - correct answer-a more complex defense system against infection that
requires some time to develop after initial exposure to the microbe; is specific and
specialized and has memory; mediated by lymphocytes with highly diverse antigen receptors
Adaptive immunity - correct answer-immunity with:
-exquisite specificity for millions of different molecules
-Specialization of the immune response to different types of microbes
-the ability to "remember" and respond more vigorously to repeated exposures to the same
microbe
Adhesion molecules - correct answer-allow cells to adhere to other cells
Affinity maturation - correct answer-The increase in affinity of the antigen-binding sites of
antibodies for the antigen that occurs during the course of an adaptive immune response.
Agglutinins - correct answer-antibodies in the plasma that bind to sugars commonly
expressed by microbes; can clump microbes, activate complement
Allergy - correct answer-most common immune disease; involve IgE, mast cells, and
eosinophils; can cause hives, congestion, abdominal issues, and anaphylaxis
Allergy vs. Autoimmunity - correct answer-Allergy is a response to environmental antigens,
autoimmunity is a response to self antigens
Alternative pathway - correct answer-complement pathway activated by microbial surfaces
Anergy - correct answer-absence of the normal immune response to a particular antigen or
allergen
Antibody - correct answer-a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an
antigen that has entered the body
Antibody functions - correct answer--neutralizes viruses and toxins by directly blocking their
functions
-opsonize pathogens, which leads to phagocytosis and destruction of the pathogens
-activate the complement system
-bind to infected cells and activate ADCC (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity)
Antibody isotypes - correct answer-IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, IgA
Antibody isotypes (classes) - correct answer-IgG, IgM, IgD, IgA, IgE
, Antibody structure - correct answer-composed of four distinct peptide chains: two heavy and
two light
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity - correct answer-targets infected cells for
destruction by natural killer (NK) cells
Antigen - correct answer-a substance that's recognized as foreign by the immune system
Antigen binding site - correct answer-A region of the antibody molecule responsible for the
antibody's recognition and binding function (variable domain)
Antigen presentation - correct answer-The process by which an MHC molecule binds to a
fragment of an intracellular protein antigen and carries it to the cell surface, where it is
displayed and can be recognized by a T cell.
Antiviral state - correct answer-due to type I IFNs causing all body cells to raise their guard;
causes cells to be immune to viral infection
Apoptosis - correct answer-programmed cell death
B cell receptor - correct answer-The antigen receptor on B cells. Each B cell is programmed
to make a single type of immunoglobulin. The cell-surface form of this immunoglobulin
serves as the B-cell receptor for specific antigen.
B cells - correct answer-Cells manufactured in the bone marrow that create antibodies
B follicles - correct answer-follicles in the lymph nodes that contain B cells
B lymphocytes - correct answer-form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight
bacterial infections; can recognize virtually any structure
B7-1 and B7-2 - correct answer-Molecules expressed on antigen presenting cells that
provide second signal to naive T lymphocytes
Bone marrow - correct answer-A soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells (where
hematopoietic stem cells live)
CCR7 - correct answer-receptor on leukocytes for chemokines CCL19 and CCL21; helps
DCs migrate to the T zone of the lymph node
CD28 - correct answer-the low-affinity receptor on T cells that interacts with B7
co-stimulatory molecules to promote T-cell activation
CD40 - correct answer-cell surface marker found on activated helper T cells
CD40L - correct answer-part of the T cell activation of macrophages and B cells
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