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HMX Immunology Final Exam Questions and and answers
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HMX Immunology Final Exam____________ is the process by which something that is not otherwise recognized as a
pathogen is coated with proteins that make it more recognizable to the immune system. -
correct answer-Opsonization
______________ are the primary cell type activated by IL-5. When activated, these cells
release the contents of their cytoplasmic granules. The granule contents are very toxic to
helminths (parasitic worms). - correct answer-eosinophils or eosinophil
A ____________ is a cell that uses innate immune receptors to recognize and phagocytose
microbes; these cells have a short life span within tissue and often rapidly die by apoptosis. -
correct answer-neutrophil
A ____________ is a cell that uses innate immune receptors to recognize and phagocytose
microbes. It also will phagocytose and digest apoptotic cells. - correct answer-macrophage
A burn victim receives a skin transplant. Theoretically, his medical team could choose from
several different donors, but the choice of donor is obvious in this case. Who is the donor? -
correct answer-In clinical practice, almost all skin transplants (also known as skin grafts) are
performed using skin from elsewhere on the patient's body, or from the patient's skin that has
been expanded in the laboratory. There is essentially no chance of transplant rejection in this
case, though other complications are still possible. It is not clear whether his twin is an
identical (monozygotic) or fraternal (dizygotic) twin. Genetic testing would be required to
make this determination. It is much safer to use the patient's own skin.
A cell that can undergo self-renewal and differentiate into any of the cells of the blood is
called a hematopoietic ____________. (answer is two words) - correct
answer-Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the pluripotent cells that give rise to all blood
cells.
A child presents with recurrent bacterial infections. Of the genetic defects described below,
what is the most likely cause of her disease? - correct answer-A mutation in the C3 gene
that renders the C3 protein nonfunctional.
A delayed transfusion reaction can result from the coating of transfused cells with IgG, which
recruits macrophages. This process of coating a cell with Ig is referred to as ____________.
- correct answer-opsonization
A man with blood type A is in a car accident and has a large amount of internal bleeding. He
needs an emergency red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. RBCs of which blood types, below,
can be safely transfused?
Note that for the purposes of this exercise, we are not considering the Rh factor, which is
commonly denoted with a positive or negative after the blood type. (select all that apply) -
correct answer-An individual of blood type A will have natural antibodies against blood type
B, and thus can't receive B or AB blood. Recall that blood type O is the so-called "universal
,donor". Type O blood can be safely transfused to individuals of any blood type. Note that Rh
factor testing is also important for transfusion medicine, but not covered here.
A mature T lymphocyte that has never been exposed to antigen is called a ____________ T
cell. - correct answer-Naive
A rare genetic disease arises from mutations in subunits of TAP (TAP1 or TAP2). Individuals
with this disease are susceptible to recurrent infections. What effects would you expect from
this mutation? - correct answer-MHC class I molecules will not be loaded with peptides, so
CD8+ T cells cannot be activated.
A researcher studies Crohn's disease. She has access to a 'mouse model' of Crohn's
disease. As they mature, the mice develop an inflammatory condition that strongly
resembles this disease. Before the mice mature and develop the disease, she injects some
of the mice with a neutralizing antibody that targets interferon-γ (anti-IFN-γ). Assuming that
the causes of this disease are similar in mice and humans, what effect would you expect this
treatment to have on the severity of the disease? - correct answer-Crohn's disease is
thought to be a Th1-mediated condition. Recall that IFN-γ is a major Th1 cytokine. A
neutralizing antibody blocks IFN-γ function. Blocking IFN-γ reduces the severity of this
disease in mouse models.
A researcher suspects that a certain leukocyte population plays a role in a particular
disease. She studies mice with a genetic defect that leads to the development of the disease
in young mice. She decides to test her hypothesis by surgically removing the thymus from
newborn mice, then observing these mice for disease progression. What leukocyte
population does she suspect contributes to the development of the disease? - correct
answer-T cells
A T cell in the lymph node recognizes a peptide-MHC complex and T cell receptor signaling
begins. The T cell enters a state of anergy. How might this have happened? (select two
answers) - correct answer-CTLA-4 on the T cell binds to B7 with high affinity, blocking CD28
signaling.
The antigen presenting cell does not express any costimulatory molecules.
A woman with type O blood type requires emergency surgery. The surgical team wants to
have blood ready for a transfusion if it is needed during the procedure. What blood types are
safe to transfuse? (select all that apply) - correct answer-An individual of blood type O will
have natural antibodies against blood types A and B, and thus can't receive A, B, or AB
blood. Individuals with type O blood can donate to all other blood types, but can only receive
blood from type O donors.
Activated T cells up-regulate the expression of certain molecules that are necessary for
migration toward B cell follicles in the lymph node and necessary to provide signals to
activate B cells. What are the names of these molecules? (select two answers) - correct
answer-CXCR5
CD40L
, All examples of antibody-mediated damage to non-infected cells require antibody recognition
of self antigens. - correct answer-False
Cross-linking of antibodies and antigen may lead to formation of immune complexes
-aggregates that may lodge in vessel walls and mediate damage. This mechanism does not
require antibody recognition of self antigens.
All of the genetic defects described below exist at very low frequency in the human
population. Which loss-of-function mutation would be most likely to lead to autoimmune
disease? Assume each mutation causes a complete loss of function of the associated gene.
- correct answer-Disruption of the FOXP3 gene which is necessary for Treg development.
Allergic conditions are most associated with which Th subset? - correct answer-An overly
exuberant Th2 response can lead to the development of allergies.
An activated dendritic cell (DC) migrates to a site where it can present antigen to naive T
cells. What route is the DC most likely to follow? - correct answer-The DC migrates through
lymphatic vessels to the lymph node.
An individual develops bacterial pneumonia (a bacterial infection of the lungs). What Th
subset is LEAST likely to play an important role in the response to this infection? - correct
answer-Th2
Anaphylaxis is an acute allergic response. What aspects of allergic anaphylaxis are the most
immediately life-threatening? (Select two answers.) - correct answer-Anaphylaxis can be a
life-threatening emergency primarily because of airway obstruction by laryngeal edema and
bronchoconstriction and a loss of blood pressure due dilated and leaky blood vessels.
Antibodies can cause disease by: - correct answer-a combination of complement fixation
and opsonization, leading to frustrated phagocytosis and inflammation-mediated damage
forming complexes in the circulation that can deposit in vessel walls and potentially trigger
further immune activation
recognizing antigens that are part of our own cells, leading to opsonization and destruction
by phagocytes
recognizing antigens that are part of our own cells, leading to complement activation
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity involves: - correct answer-natural killer cells
recognizing antibodies bound to virus-related proteins on the infected cell surface
At a certain stage in B cell development, the developing B cells move to lymphoid tissues.
This occurs at which stage of differentiation? - correct answer-All stages of B cell
development occur in the bone marrow up to the immature B cell, which then leaves the
marrow. The final differentiation step into a mature B cell occurs in secondary lymphoid
tissues.
At the pro-T cell stage, differentiating T cells migrate to the ____________, the site of all
subsequent stages of T cell development. - correct answer-Thymus
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