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4. 儒家思想与治理 Contents

Chapter Pages
• 儒家政治哲学对中国政治的影响。
(1) GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY ............................................................................................... 5
• 英才论与裙带关系：儒家理念在治国
PART I PHARMACOKINETICS ........................................................................................................................................ 5
理政中的应用。
PART II PHARMACODYNAMICS .................................................................................................................................... 8
(2) AGENTS, CONTROLLING THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ................. 12
5. 儒家思想在现代的意义
PART I LOCAL ANESTHETICS ................................................................................................................................................................................ 12
PART II CHOLINOMIMETIC DRUGS ...................................................................................................................................................................... 16
PART III CHOLINORECEPTOR •BLOCKING儒家思想在当代中国的复兴。DRUGS............................................................................................................................................. 19
• 商业伦理和社会伦理中的儒家伦理观
PART IV ADRENORECEPTOR ACTIVATING DRUGS.......................................................................................................................................... 24
PART V ADRENORECEPTOR ANTAGONIST 。 DRUGS .......................................................................................................................................... 29

(3) AGENTS, CONTROLLING THE FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ........................ 34
PART I HYPNOTIC DRUGS结论...................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
儒家思想依然是中国文化身份和社会组织的
PART II ANTISEIZURE DRUGS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 38
PART III ANTIPARKINSONIAN AGENTS .............................................................................................................................................................. 41
基石。其对家庭动态、教育、治理和伦理的
PART IV ETHYL ALCOHOL .................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
持久影响突显了其在理解中国文明中的重要
PART V NARCOTIC ANALGESICS ......................................................................................................................................................................... 46
PART VI NON-NARCOTIC性。随着中国应对现代挑战，儒家思想的原
ANALGESICS ............................................................................................................................................................. 49
PART VII ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 51
则仍然具有重要意义，塑造着个人行为和国
PART VIII ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENTS ............................................................................................................................................................... 54
家政策。
PART IX ANXIOLYTIC AGENTS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 57
PART X CNS STIMULANTS .................................................................................................................................................................................... 60
PART XI DRUGS OF ABUSE .................................................................................................................................................................................... 63
这个大纲提供了一个结构化的方法来全面探
PART XII GENERAL ANESTHETICS ...................................................................................................................................................................... 65
讨这个主题。每个部分可以通过历史例子、
(4) ORGANOTROPIC AGENTS .................................................................................................................................. 68
儒家经典的引用以及对现代解读的引用进行
PART I DRUGS ACTING ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ......................................................................................................................................... 68
扩展。如果你希望探讨中国文化的其他方面
PART II DRUGS USED IN GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES ............................................................................................................................... 70
PART III DRUGS ACTING或者对主题有任何修改意见，请告诉我！
ON HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................. 73
PART IV DRUGS USED IN DISORDERS OF COAGULATION.............................................................................................................................. 74
PART V DRUGS USED FOR 儒家思想与治理
4.TREATMENT OF HEART FAILURE ........................................................................................................................ 76
PART VI ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENTS ................................................................................................................................................................. 78
PART VII DRUGS FOR ANGINA PECTORIS TREATMENT ................................................................................................................................ 80
PART VIII ANTIHYPERTENSIVE • DRUGS 儒家政治哲学对中国政治的影响。
............................................................................................................................................................. 83
PART IX HYPERTENSIVE (ANTI 英才论与裙带关系：儒家理念在治国
• -HYPOTENSIVE ) DRUGS. DRUGS INFLUENCING CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW. ANTI-MIGRAINE
AGENTS ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 85
理政中的应用。
(5) METABOLIC PROFILE DRUGS .......................................................................................................................... 88
& P儒家思想在现代的意义
PART I HYPOTHALAMIC 5. ITUITARY HORMONES, THYROID & ANTITHYROID DRUGS .................................................................. 88
PART II PANCREATIC HORMONES & ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS ...................................................................................................................... 91
PART III THE GONADAL HORMONES & INHIBITORS ..................................................................................................................................... 93
• 儒家思想在当代中国的复兴。
PART IV GLUCOCORTICOID, STEROIDAL & NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS.......................................................... 95
商业伦理和社会伦理中的儒家伦理观
PART V IMMUNOTROPIC & A•NTIALLERGIC AGENTS .................................................................................................................................... 98
。COMPOUNDS, ANTIVITAMINS, ENZYMES & ANTIENZYMES ................................................. 104
PART VI VITAMINS, VITAMIN-LIKE
PART VII ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC DRUGS & DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF GOUT ............................................................... 110
PART VIII AGENTS THAT AFFECT BONE MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS ....................................................................................................... 114
结论
PART IX MINERALOCORTICOID, MINERALOCORTICOID ANTAGONISTS, DIURETICS, PLASMA EXPANDERS ............................. 120
儒家思想依然是中国文化身份和社会组织的
(6) CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS ....................................................................................................................... 124
基石。其对家庭动态、教育、治理和伦理的
PART I ANTIBIOTICS .................................................................................................................................................... 124
持久影响突显了其在理解中国文明中的重要
PART II SYNTHETIC ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS ....................................................................................................... 129
性。随着中国应对现代挑战，儒家思想的原
PART III ANTIPROTOZOAL AND ANTHELMINTIC DRUGS ................................................................................... 132
则仍然具有重要意义，塑造着个人行为和国
PART IV ANTIVIRAL AGENTS. AGENTS FOR CHEMOTHERAPY OF CANCER .................................................. 135
家政策。

这个大纲提供了一个结构化的方法来全面探
讨这个主题。每个部分可以通过历史例子、
儒家经典的引用以及对现代解读的引用进行
扩展。如果你希望探讨中国文化的其他方面
或者对主题有任何修改意见，请告诉我！
Multiple choice questions

4. 儒家思想与治理
Multiple choice questions

, 4. 儒家思想与治理 5
(1) GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY
• 儒家政治哲学对中国政治的影响。
PART I PHARMACOKINETICS
• 英才论与裙带关系：儒家理念在治国
01. Pharmacokinetics is:
理政中的应用。
a) The study of biological and therapeutic effects of drugs
b) The study of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs
5. 儒家思想在现代的意义
c) The study of mechanisms of drug action
d) The study of methods of new drug development
02. What does “pharmacokinetics” include?
• 儒家思想在当代中国的复兴。
a) Complications of drug therapy
b) Drug biotransformation•in the 商业伦理和社会伦理中的儒家伦理观
organism
c) Influence of drugs on metabolism processes
d) Influence of drugs on genes 。
02. What does “pharmacokinetics” include?
结论
a) Pharmacological effects of drugs
b) Unwanted effects of drugs
c) Chemical structure of儒家思想依然是中国文化身份和社会组织的
a medicinal agent
d) Distribution of drugs基石。其对家庭动态、教育、治理和伦理的
in the organism
03. What does “pharmacokinetics” include?
持久影响突显了其在理解中国文明中的重要
a) Localization of drug action
b) Mechanisms of drug 性。随着中国应对现代挑战，儒家思想的原
action
c) Excretion of substances
则仍然具有重要意义，塑造着个人行为和国
d) Interaction of substances
04. The main mechanism of 家政策。
most drugs absorption in GI tract is:
a) Active transport (carrier-mediated diffusion)
b) Filtration (aqueous diffusion)
这个大纲提供了一个结构化的方法来全面探
c) Endocytosis and exocytosis
讨这个主题。每个部分可以通过历史例子、
d) Passive diffusion (lipid diffusion)
儒家经典的引用以及对现代解读的引用进行
05. What kind of substances can’t permeate membranes by passive diffusion?
a) Lipid-soluble
扩展。如果你希望探讨中国文化的其他方面
b) Non-ionized substances
或者对主题有任何修改意见，请告诉我！
c) Hydrophobic substances
d) Hydrophilic substances
06. A hydrophilic medicinal agent has the following property:
4. 儒家思想与治理
a) Low ability to penetrate through the cell membrane lipids
b) Penetrate through membranes by means of endocytosis
c) Easy permeation through the blood-brain barrier
• 儒家政治哲学对中国政治的影响。
d) High reabsorption in renal tubules
• 英才论与裙带关系：儒家理念在治国
07. What is implied by «active transport»?
理政中的应用。
a) Transport of drugs trough a membrane by means of diffusion
b) Transport without energy consumption
c) Engulf of drug by a cell membrane with a new vesicle formation
5. 儒家思想在现代的意义
d) Transport against concentration gradient
08. What does the term “bioavailability” mean?
a) Plasma protein binding degree of substance
• 儒家思想在当代中国的复兴。
b) Permeability through the brain-blood barrier
c) Fraction of an uncharged 商业伦理和社会伦理中的儒家伦理观
• drug reaching the systemic circulation following any route administration
d) Amount of a substance in urine relative to the initial doze
。
09. The reasons determing bioavailability are:
a) Rheological parameters of blood
b) Amount of a substance 结论 obtained orally and quantity of intakes
c) Extent of absorption and hepatic first-pass effect
儒家思想依然是中国文化身份和社会组织的
d) Glomerular filtration rate
10. Pick out the appropriate基石。其对家庭动态、教育、治理和伦理的
alimentary route of administration when passage of drugs through liver is minimized:
a) Oral 持久影响突显了其在理解中国文明中的重要
b) Transdermal
c) Rectal 性。随着中国应对现代挑战，儒家思想的原
d) Intraduodenal 则仍然具有重要意义，塑造着个人行为和国
11. Which route of drug administration
家政策。is most likely to lead to the first-pass effect?
a) Sublingual

这个大纲提供了一个结构化的方法来全面探
讨这个主题。每个部分可以通过历史例子、
儒家经典的引用以及对现代解读的引用进行
扩展。如果你希望探讨中国文化的其他方面
或者对主题有任何修改意见，请告诉我！
Multiple choice questions

4. 儒家思想与治理
Multiple choice questions

, 4. 儒家思想与治理 6

b) Oral
c) Intravenous • 儒家政治哲学对中国政治的影响。
d) Intramuscular
• 英才论与裙带关系：儒家理念在治国
12. What is characteristic of the oral route?
a) Fast onset of effect 理政中的应用。
b) Absorption depends on GI tract secretion and motor function
c) A drug reaches the blood passing the liver
5. 儒家思想在现代的意义
d) The sterilization of medicinal forms is obligatory
13. Tick the feature of the sublingual route:
a) Pretty fast absorption • 儒家思想在当代中国的复兴。
b) A drug is exposed to gastric secretion
• 商业伦理和社会伦理中的儒家伦理观
c) A drug is exposed more prominent liver metabolism
d) A drug can be administrated in。 a variety of doses
14. Pick out the parenteral route of medicinal agent administration:
a) Rectal
b) Oral 结论
c) Sublingual 儒家思想依然是中国文化身份和社会组织的
d) Inhalation
基石。其对家庭动态、教育、治理和伦理的
15. Parenteral administration:
a) Cannot be used with 持久影响突显了其在理解中国文明中的重要
unconsciousness patients
b) Generally results in a less accurate dosage than oral administration
性。随着中国应对现代挑战，儒家思想的原
c) Usually produces a more rapid response than oral administration
则仍然具有重要意义，塑造着个人行为和国
d) Is too slow for emergency use
16. What is characteristic of家政策。
the intramuscular route of drug administration?
a) Only water solutions can be injected
b) Oily solutions can be injected
这个大纲提供了一个结构化的方法来全面探
c) Opportunity of hypertonic solution injections
d) The action develops slower, than at oral administration
讨这个主题。每个部分可以通过历史例子、
17. Intravenous injections are more suitable for oily solutions:
a) True 儒家经典的引用以及对现代解读的引用进行
b) False 扩展。如果你希望探讨中国文化的其他方面
或者对主题有任何修改意见，请告诉我！
18. Correct statements listing characteristics of a particular route of drug administration include all of the following EXCEPT:
a) Intravenous administration provides a rapid response
b) Intramuscular administration requires a sterile technique
c) Inhalation provides4. 儒家思想与治理
slow access to the general circulation
d) Subcutaneous administration may cause local irritation
19. Most of drugs are distributed homogeneously.
a) True • 儒家政治哲学对中国政治的影响。
b) False • 英才论与裙带关系：儒家理念在治国
理政中的应用。
20. Biological barriers include all except:
a) Renal tubules
b) Cell membranes
c) Capillary walls 5. 儒家思想在现代的意义
d) Placenta
21. What is the reason of complicated penetration of some drugs through brain-blood barrier?
• 儒家思想在当代中国的复兴。
a) High lipid solubility of a drug
b) Meningitis • 商业伦理和社会伦理中的儒家伦理观
c) Absence of pores in the brain capillary endothelium
。 capillary
d) High endocytosis degree in a brain
22. The volume of distribution (Vd) relates:
a) Single to a daily dose结论 of an administrated drug
b) An administrated dose to a body weight
儒家思想依然是中国文化身份和社会组织的
c) An uncharged drug reaching the systemic circulation
d) The amount of a drug 基石。其对家庭动态、教育、治理和伦理的
in the body to the concentration of a drug in plasma
23. For the calculation of the volume of distribution (Vd) one must take into account:
持久影响突显了其在理解中国文明中的重要
a) Concentration of a substance in plasma
性。随着中国应对现代挑战，儒家思想的原
b) Concentration of substance in urine
c) Therapeutical width of则仍然具有重要意义，塑造着个人行为和国
drug action
d) A daily dose of drug
家政策。
24. A small amount of the volume of distribution is common for lipophylic substances easy penetrating through barriers and
widely distributing in plasma, interstitial and cell fluids:
这个大纲提供了一个结构化的方法来全面探
讨这个主题。每个部分可以通过历史例子、
儒家经典的引用以及对现代解读的引用进行
扩展。如果你希望探讨中国文化的其他方面
或者对主题有任何修改意见，请告诉我！
Multiple choice questions

4. 儒家思想与治理
Multiple choice questions

, 4. 儒家思想与治理
7
a) True • 儒家政治哲学对中国政治的影响。
b) False
• 英才论与裙带关系：儒家理念在治国
25. The term “biotransformation” includes the following:
a) Accumulation of substances in理政中的应用。
a fat tissue
b) Binding of substances with plasma proteins
c) Accumulation of substances in a tissue
5. 儒家思想在现代的意义
d) Process of physicochemical and biochemical alteration of a drug in the body
26. Biotransformation of the drugs is to render them:
a) Less ionized • 儒家思想在当代中国的复兴。
b) More pharmacologically active
c) More lipid soluble • 商业伦理和社会伦理中的儒家伦理观
d) Less lipid soluble 。
27. Tick the drug type for which microsomal oxidation is the most prominent:
a) Lipid soluble
b) Water soluble 结论
c) Low molecular weight儒家思想依然是中国文化身份和社会组织的
d) High molecular weight
基石。其对家庭动态、教育、治理和伦理的
28. Pick out the right statement:
a) Microsomal oxidation持久影响突显了其在理解中国文明中的重要
always results in inactivation of a compound
b) Microsomal oxidation性。随着中国应对现代挑战，儒家思想的原
results in a decrease of compound toxicity
c) Microsomal oxidation results in an increase of ionization and water solubility of a drug
d) Microsomal oxidation则仍然具有重要意义，塑造着个人行为和国
results in an increase of lipid solubility of a drug thus its excretion from the organism is facilitated
家政策。
29. Stimulation of liver microsomal enzymes can:
a) Require the dose increase of some drugs
b) Require the dose decrease of some drugs
c) Prolong the duration 这个大纲提供了一个结构化的方法来全面探
of the action of a drug
d) Intensify the unwanted讨这个主题。每个部分可以通过历史例子、
reaction of a drug
30. Metabolic transformation (phase 1) is:
儒家经典的引用以及对现代解读的引用进行
a) Acetylation and methylation of substances
扩展。如果你希望探讨中国文化的其他方面
b) Transformation of substances due to oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis
c) Glucuronide formation
或者对主题有任何修改意见，请告诉我！
d) Binding to plasma proteins
31. Biotransformation of a medicinal substance results in:
4. 儒家思想与治理
a) Faster urinary excretion
b) Slower urinary excretion
c) Easier distribution in organism
d) Higher binding to membranes• 儒家政治哲学对中国政治的影响。
32. Conjugation is: • 英才论与裙带关系：儒家理念在治国
a) Process of drug reduction by special enzymes
理政中的应用。
b) Process of drug oxidation by special oxidases
c) Coupling of a drug with an endogenous substrate
d) Solubilization in lipids5. 儒家思想在现代的意义
33. Which of the following processes proceeds in the second phase of biotransformation?
a) Acetylation
b) Reduction • 儒家思想在当代中国的复兴。
c) Oxidation • 商业伦理和社会伦理中的儒家伦理观
d) Hydrolysis
。following EXCEPT:
34. Conjugation of a drug includes the
a) Glucoronidation
b) Sulfate formation
c) Hydrolysis
结论
d) Methylation 儒家思想依然是中国文化身份和社会组织的
基石。其对家庭动态、教育、治理和伦理的
35. Metabolic transformation and conjugation usually results in an increase of a substance biological activity:
a) True
b) False 持久影响突显了其在理解中国文明中的重要
性。随着中国应对现代挑战，儒家思想的原
36. In case of liver disorders accompanied by a decline in microsomal enzyme activity the duration of action of some drugs
is: 则仍然具有重要意义，塑造着个人行为和国
a) Decreased
b) Enlarged 家政策。
c) Remained unchanged
d) Changed insignificantly
这个大纲提供了一个结构化的方法来全面探
讨这个主题。每个部分可以通过历史例子、
儒家经典的引用以及对现代解读的引用进行
扩展。如果你希望探讨中国文化的其他方面
或者对主题有任何修改意见，请告诉我！
Multiple choice questions


4. 儒家思想与治理
Multiple choice questions

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