Klinische Psychologie 1: Persoonlijkheidstheorieën en Psychopathologie (PB3002)
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Open Universiteit (OU)
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Klinische psychologie 1
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DE GRENS TUSSEN ABNORMAAL EN NORMAAL ............................................................................................................... 10
DEEL 1: THEORETISCHE BENADERINGEN IN DE KLINISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE .............................................................. 10
1. OVER KLINISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE EN ‘ABNORMAAL’ GEDRAG ............................................................................................ 11
1.1 HET TERREIN VAN DE KLINISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE.................................................................................... 11
De klinische psycholoog versus de psychiater ....................................................................................... 11
1.2 ASPECTEN VAN ‘ABNORMAAL’ GEDRAG................................................................................................ 12
1.2.1 Persoonlijk lijden ...................................................................................................................... 12
1.2.2 De (dis)func onaliteit van het gedrag ...................................................................................... 12
1.2.3 Irra oneel en onbegrijpelijk gedrag ......................................................................................... 12
1.2.4 Onvoorspelbaarheid en controleverlies ................................................................................... 12
1.2.5 Opvallend en onconven oneel gedrag ..................................................................................... 13
1.2.6 Gedrag dat een ongemakkelijk gevoel bij anderen teweegbrengt ........................................... 13
1.2.7 Het overtreden van morele normen ........................................................................................ 13
1.2.8 Een defini e van psychische stoornissen ................................................................................. 13
1.3 NORMAAL EN ABNORMAAL: WAAR LIGT DE GRENS? ........................................................................... 14
1.3.1 Het sta s sch model ................................................................................................................ 14
1.3.2 Het medisch of ziektemodel ..................................................................................................... 14
1.3.3 Het leer- of onderwijsmodel..................................................................................................... 16
1.4 TOT BESLUIT........................................................................................................................................... 17
SAMENVATTING ...................................................................................................................................................... 17
SAMENVATTING EXTRA ........................................................................................................................................... 18
VERWERKINGSOPDRACHTEN .................................................................................................................................. 20
TREKTHEORIEËN VAN PERSOONLIJKHEID ....................................................................................................................... 25
TREKTHEORIEËN VAN PERSOONLIJKHEID: ALLPORT, EYSENCK EN CATTELL ............................................................................. 25
HOOFDSTUK IN FOCUS ............................................................................................................................................ 25
VRAGEN IN DIT HOOFDSTUK ................................................................................................................................... 25
EEN BLIK VAN DE TREKTHEORITICI .......................................................................................................................... 25
TREKTHEORIE’S BLIK OP DE PERSOON .................................................................................................................... 25
Het trekconcept.................................................................................................................................................. 25
TREKTHEORIE’S BLIK OP DE WETENSCHAP VAN PERSOONLIJKHEID....................................................................... 26
Wetenschappelijke func es bekleed door trekconstructen .............................................................................. 26
Beschrijving............................................................................................................................... 26
Voorspelling .............................................................................................................................. 26
Verklaring.................................................................................................................................. 26
TREKTHEORIEËN VAN PERSOONLIJKHEID: BASISPERSPECTIEVEN GEDEELD ONDER TREKTHEORETICI .................. 26
DE TREKTHEORIE VAN GORDON W. ALLPORT (1897-1967) .................................................................................... 27
Trekken: Persoonlijkheidstructuur in Allport’s theorie ...................................................................................... 27
Func onele autonomie ...................................................................................................................................... 27
2
, Idiografische research ........................................................................................................................................ 27
Commentaar op Allport ..................................................................................................................................... 27
IDENTIFICEREN VAN PRIMAIRE TREKDIMENSIES: FACTORANALYSE ....................................................................... 28
DE FACTORANALITISCHE TREKTHEORIE VAN RAYMOND B. CATTELL (1905-1998) ................................................. 28
Oppervlaktetrekken en brontrekken: persoonlijkheidstructuur in Ca ell's theorie .......................................... 28
Bronnen van bewijs: L-Data, Q-Data en OT-Data ............................................................................................... 28
Stabiliteit en variabiliteit in gedrag .................................................................................................................... 29
Commentaar op Ca ell ...................................................................................................................................... 29
DE DRIE-FACTOR THEORIE VAN HANS J. EYSENCK (1916-1997) .............................................................................. 29
‘Superfactoren’: persoonlijkheidstructuur in Eysenck's theorie ........................................................................ 29
Meten van de factoren ....................................................................................................................................... 29
Biologische basissen van persoonlijkheidstrekken............................................................................................. 29
Persoonlijkheid en het brein ................................................................................................................. 30
Extraversie en sociaal gedrag ............................................................................................................................. 30
Psychopathologie en gedragsverandering ......................................................................................................... 30
Huidige vragen....................................................................................................................................... 30
Evalua e van Eysenckiaanse theorie .................................................................................................................. 30
SAMENVATTING ...................................................................................................................................................... 31
VERWERKINGSOPDRACHTEN .................................................................................................................................. 32
VIJFFACTORENMODEL .............................................................................................................................................. 35
MODERNE KIJK OP PERSOONLIJKHEID .......................................................................................................................... 35
JEZELF BESCHRIJVEN ............................................................................................................................................... 35
De oorsprong van het woord 'persoonlijkheid' ..................................................................................... 35
DE LEXICALE HYPOTHESE ........................................................................................................................................ 35
Het nut van psycholexicaal onderzoek .................................................................................................. 35
TAXONOMIEËN ........................................................................................................................................................ 35
De taxonomie van Ca ell ................................................................................................................................... 36
De 16PF.................................................................................................................................................. 36
Het Big-Five-model van persoonlijkheidseigenschappen .................................................................................. 36
Factoranalyse......................................................................................................................................... 37
CULTUURVERSCHILLEN IN PERSOONLIJKHEID......................................................................................................... 37
E c versus emic ..................................................................................................................................... 37
Culturele verschillen met betrekking tot de Big Five ......................................................................................... 37
De Big Seven 37
De Big Six 37
Gebruik van alle taal- en cultuurgerelateerde aspecten om persoonlijkheid te beschrijven ............................ 38
Zelfstandige naamwoorden, telbaar en niet-telbaar............................................................................. 38
Overlap tussen woordklassen ............................................................................................................... 38
De Big Eight 38
Sensa ezucht......................................................................................................................................... 38
Met psycholexicale persoonlijkheidsmodellen de grens over ........................................................................... 39
Het panculturele driefactorenmodel ........................................................................................ 39
Het panculturele tweefactorenmodel ...................................................................................... 39
Hiërarchie van structuren........................................................................................................................................ 39
Eysencks PEN-model.............................................................................................................................. 39
Gray's biopsychologische persoonlijkheidstheorie ............................................................................... 40
SAMENVATTING ...................................................................................................................................................... 40
3
, THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY: CONSENSUS AND CONTROVERSY - ROBERT R. MCCRAE ...................................... 41
INTRODUCTIE .......................................................................................................................................................... 41
ACHTERGROND VAN HET VIJF-FACTOREN MODEL VAN PERSOONLIJKHEID ........................................................... 41
RESEARCH ONTDEKKINGEN .................................................................................................................................... 41
STRUCTURELE PROBLEMEN .................................................................................................................................... 41
Drie- en zes-factoren alterna even .................................................................................................................... 42
Een hogere orde structuur ................................................................................................................................. 42
Specifiëren van face en ..................................................................................................................................... 42
Trekken onder face en: nuances ....................................................................................................................... 42
BIOLOGISCHE BASIS VAN PERSOONLIJKHEID .......................................................................................................... 42
CULTUREN BESCHRIJVEN MET DE FFM ................................................................................................................... 43
Aggregate persoonlijkheidstrekken.................................................................................................................... 43
De (on)nauwkeurigheid van na onale karakter stereotypes ............................................................................. 43
CONCLUSIE .............................................................................................................................................................. 43
VERWERKINGSOPDRACHTEN .................................................................................................................................. 44
BIOLOGISCHE ACHTERGROND .................................................................................................................................... 47
TEMPERAMENT AND BRAIN NETWORKS OF ATTENTION - MARY K. ROTHBART, MICHAEL I. POSNER AND BRAD E. SHEESE ... 47
INTRODUCTIE .......................................................................................................................................................... 47
HISTORISCHE PERSPECTIEVEN................................................................................................................................. 47
Pavlovse pogingen .............................................................................................................................................. 47
Vragenlijsten studies .......................................................................................................................................... 48
Observa e van kind-ontwikkeling ...................................................................................................................... 48
Thomas, Chess en de New York Longitudinal Study........................................................................................... 48
Kagan's research op gedragsinhibi e ................................................................................................................. 48
HEDENDAAGSE PROBLEMEN IN HET METEN VAN TEMPERAMENT........................................................................ 49
Rothbart’s revisies van temperament dimensies ............................................................................................... 49
TEMPERAMENT EN BREINNETWERKEN .................................................................................................................. 49
AANDACHTSNETWERKEN........................................................................................................................................ 49
GENEN EN EPIGENETICA ......................................................................................................................................... 50
Aandacht en emo e in genen en omgeving ...................................................................................................... 50
COMT ........................................................................................................................................ 50
DRD4 ......................................................................................................................................... 50
5-HTTLPR .................................................................................................................................. 50
MTHFR ...................................................................................................................................... 51
TOEKOMSTIGE RICHTINGEN .................................................................................................................................... 51
CONCLUSIE .............................................................................................................................................................. 51
TEMPERAMENT AND PERSONALITY ............................................................................................................................. 52
ABSTRACT EN SLEUTELWOORDEN .......................................................................................................................... 52
INTRODUCTIE .......................................................................................................................................................... 52
KORTE GESCHIEDENIS VAN TEMPERAMENT EN CONCEPTUELE DEFINITIES ........................................................... 52
MEETMETHODEN .................................................................................................................................................... 53
ONTWIKKELING VAN TEMPERAMENT..................................................................................................................... 54
BIOLOGISCHE CORRELATIES VAN TEMPERAMENT .................................................................................................. 54
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