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pharmacology chapter 1.
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pharmacology chapter 1.
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pharmacology chapter 1adverse effects: drug effects, sometimes called side effects, that are not the desired
therapeutic effects; may be unpleasant or even dangerous - correct answer-
brand name: name given to a drug by the pharmaceutical company that developed it; also
called a trade name or proprietary name - correct answer-
chemical name: name that reflects the chemical structure of a drug - correct answer-
genetic engineering: process of altering DNA, usually of bacteria, to produce a chemical to
be used as a drug - correct answer-
orphan drugs: drugs that have been discovered but would not be profitable for a drug
company to develop; usually drugs that would treat only a small number of people; these
orphans can be adopted by drug companies to develop - correct answer-
over-the-counter (OTC) drugs: drugs that are available without a prescription for
self-treatment of a variety of complaints; deemed to be safe when used as directed; often
formerly only available by prescription - correct answer-
pharmacology: the study of the biological effects of chemicals - correct answer-
pharmacotherapeutics: clinical pharmacology—the branch of pharmacology that deals with
drugs; chemicals that are used in medicine for the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of
disease in humans - correct answer-
phase I study: a pilot study of a potential drug using a small number of selected, usually
healthy human volunteers
phase II study: a clinical study of a proposed drug by selected physicians using actual
patients who have the disorder the drug is designed to treat; patients must provide informed
consent
phase III study: use of a proposed drug on a wide scale in the clinical setting with patients
who have the disease the drug is thought to treat
phase IV study: continuous evaluation of a drug after it has been released for marketing
preclinical trials: initial trial of a chemical thought to have therapeutic potential; uses
laboratory animals, not human subjects teratogenic: having adverse effects on the fetus -
correct answer-
teratogenic: having adverse effects on the fetus - correct answer-
The human body works through a complicated series of chemical reactions and processes.
Pharmacology is the study of the biological effects of chemicals. Drugs are chemicals that
are introduced into the body to cause some sort of change. When drugs are administered,
the body begins a sequence of processes designed to handle the new chemicals. - correct
answer-
, Nurses deal with pharmacotherapeutics, or clinical pharmacology, the branch of
pharmacology that uses drugs to treat, prevent, and diagnose disease. Clinical
pharmacology addresses two key concerns: the drug's effects on the body and the body's
response to the drug. - correct answer-
The nurse is in a unique position regarding drug therapy because nursing responsibilities
include the following: Administering drugs
Assessing drug effects Intervening to make the drug regimen more tolerable
Providing patient teaching about drugs and drug regimens
Monitoring the overall patient care plan to prevent medication errors - correct answer-
Sources of Drugs Drugs are available from varied sources, both natural and synthetic.
Natural sources include plants, animals, and inorganic compounds. - correct answer-
Natural Sources Chemicals that might prove useful as drugs can come from many natural
sources, such as plants, animals, or inorganic compounds. To become a drug, a chemical
must have a demonstrated therapeutic value or efficacy without severe toxicity or damaging
properties. - correct answer-
Drugs also may be processed using a synthetic version of the active chemical found in a
plant. An example of this type of drug is dronabinol (Marinol), which contains the active
ingredient delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol found in marijuana. This drug helps to prevent
nausea and vomiting in cancer patients but does not have all the adverse effects that occur
when the marijuana leaf is smoked. - correct answer-
The synthetic version of the active ingredient allows for an accepted form to achieve the
desired therapeutic effect in cancer patients. - correct answer-
Ingestion of a plant-derived food can sometimes lead to a drug effect. For instance, the body
converts natural licorice to a false aldosterone—a hormone found in the body—resulting in
fluid retention and hypokalemia or low serum potassium levels if large amounts of licorice
are eaten. However, people seldom think of licorice as a drug. - correct answer-
Animal products are used to replace human chemicals that fail to be produced because of
disease or genetic problems. Until recently, insulin for treating diabetes was obtained
exclusively from the pancreas of cows and pigs. Now genetic engineering—the process of
altering DNA—permits scientists to produce human insulin by altering Escherichia coli
bacteria, making insulin a better product without some of the impurities that come with
animal products. - correct answer-
Thyroid drugs and growth hormone preparations also may be obtained from animal thyroid
and hypothalamic tissues. Many of these preparations are now created synthetically,
however, and the synthetic preparations are considered to be purer and safer than
preparations derived - correct answer-
Inorganic Compounds Salts of various chemical elements can have therapeutic effects in the
human body. Aluminum, fluoride, iron, and even gold are used to treat various conditions.
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