NUR 376 PATHO FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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Course
Nur 376
Institution
Nur 376
Innate immunity is?1st line of defense against infection Nonspecific mechanism that defends the body immediately against all types of pathogens
Adaptive immunity is?-2nd line of defense against infection -Developed with exposure to antigens and targets particular pathogens -Includes B and T cells ...
NUR 376 PATHO FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS Innate immunity is? ✅1st line of defense against infection Nonspecific mechanism that defends the body immediately against all types of pathogens Adaptive immunity is? ✅-2nd line of defense against infection -Developed with exposure to antigens and targets particular pathogens -Includes B and T cells to fight infection and create antibodies Two major categories of adaptive immunity ✅1. B lymphocyte immunity (humoral) 2. T lymphocyte immunity (cell -mediated) Passive -acquired adaptive immunity ✅-Individual given pre made, fully formed antibodies against an antigen -Provides immediate but short term immunity. Ex: Infant acquiring antibodies in breast milk Active acquired adaptive immunity ✅Longer lasting immunity than passive -acquired adaptive immunity but not permanent. Ex: Vaccine Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression ✅Immunocompetence refers to the individuals ability to protect oneself from infectious agents because of a strong immune system. Immunosuppression indicates a defective immune system that places person at higher risk for infection. Define immunodeficiency ✅Weakened immune system Define primary immunodeficiency ✅Present @ birth, only affects one cell type **IgA deficiency most common Define severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). ✅Negatively affects both B and T cell development so there is increased risk for infection. Type 2: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity ✅Most common: Transfusion of the wrong blood Causes immune system to attack newly transfused cells WBC count normally vs. infection ✅Normal: 4,500 -11,000 cells/ml During infection: ~15,000 -20,000 cells/ml Pathophysiologic changes in WBCs ✅-leukopenia -leukocytosis ?? Hypervolemia ✅ Hypertonic IV Solution what does hypertonic mean? what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (6) what does it treat? what are the nursing interventions? ✅Hypertonic= excessive fluid extracellular space, causing cell to shrink Fluid Types: 1.) 3% Saline 2.) 5% Saline 3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.9% Saline 4.) 5% Dextrose in 0.45% Saline 5.) 5% Dextrose in LR 6.) 10% Dextrose in H2O Treats: - Hyponatremia (pulls Na+ back into intravascular system) **remember water follows sodium** -cerebral edema Interventions: -Give cautiously in ICU via central line -Rapid absorption so body can be affected quickly -Monitor for fluid overload, electrolyte imbalance, BP, HR Hypotonic IV Solution what does hypotonic mean? what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (3) Treats? Contraindications? ✅Hypotonic= Decrease in extracellular concentration, Increase in intracellular concentration. Side Effects= cell lyses (rupture) and depletion of fluid in circulatory system Fluid Types: 1.) 0.45% Saline (1/2 normal saline) 2.) 0.225% Saline (1/4 normal saline) 3.) 0.33% Saline (1/3 normal saline) Treats: - Hydrates cell -Hyperglycemia -Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) -Hyperosmolar (extremely high blood glucose levels) Contraindications: -Patients with increased cranial pressure (fluid will shift into brain tissue causing swelling) -Burns & Trauma (Hypovolemic) Isotonic IV Solution What does isotonic mean? What are the fluid types? (4) Purpose? ✅Isotonic means equal concentration Fluid Types: 1.) 0.9% Saline 2.) 5% Dextrose in H2O 3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.225 Saline 4.) Lactated Ringers (LR) Purpose: To increase extracellular fluid Loss through: -Blood loss -Dehydration (may be due to nausea & vomiting) -Surgery Normal Electrolyte Levels ✅Sodium: 135 -145 Potassium: 3.5 -5 Calcium - 9-11 Magnesium: 1.5 -2.5 Phosphorous: 2.8 -4.5 RAAS Steps ✅1. Low BP is detected causing stimulation of RAAS 2. Renin released by juxtaglomerular cells in kidneys 3. Liver releases angiotensinogen 4. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 5. Angiotensin -converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
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