NUR 376 Patho Final Exam Questions and Detailed Answers
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Course
Nur 376
Institution
Nur 376
Immunodeficiency Immune system weakened to extent that it cannot destroy foreign invaders and antigens can overwhelm the body.
Immunocompetence refers to an individual's ability to protect oneself from infectious agents due to a strong immune system.
Immunosuppression indicates that there is a de...
NUR 376 Patho Final Exam Questions
and Detailed Answers
Immunodeficiency ✅Immune system weakened to extent that it cannot destroy foreign
invaders and antigens can overwhelm the body.
Immunocompetence ✅refers to an individual's ability to protect oneself from infectious
agents due to a strong immune system.
Immunosuppression ✅indicates that there is a defective immune system that is putting
the pt at risk for infection.
Opportunistic Infection ✅an infection that was caused by a microorganism that
flourished because of its host's deficient immune system.
Hospital Acquired of Health-Care acquired infection ✅when a pt's infection is caused
by microorganisms that originated within the clinical environment.
Difficult to tx due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Type 1: Immediate hypersensitivity ✅allergic reaction
Type 2: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity ✅mediated by Igs that target antigen on cells and
cause cell destruction.
Incomplete blood transfusion
Type 3: Immune Complex hypersensitivity ✅antigen combines with Ig within circulation
and complexes are then deposited into tissues.
SLE, autoimmune disorders
Type 4: Delayed hypersensitivity ✅initiated by T-cells that have previous exposure to
antigen
Dermatitis from exposure to poison ivy
Key lab values in Infections ✅WBC 4,000-10,000 cells/mcL
Neutrophils: 40%-80% of WBCs / elevation = bacterial infection
Lymphocytes: 20%-40% of WBCs / elevation = viral infection
Eosinophils: 1%-7% of WBCs / elevation = allergic reaction
Basophils: 0%-2% of WBCs / elevation = Parasite or allergic reaction
Monocytes: 2% - 10% of WBCs / elevation = Inflammation, chronic infections,
autoimmune disease
, How can you determine inflammation vs. infection from a CBC? ✅You would look at
the differences in the WBCs on the CBC, which provides info about the % of different
types of white blood cells.
An increase in neutrophils (makeup 40%-80% of WBCs) can be indicative of a bacterial
infection.
An increase in monocytes (macrophages) (2%-10% of WBCs) can be indicative of
inflammation / autoimmune disease.
Hypervolemia ✅Excess fluid in ISF & ICF caused by increased hydrostatic pressure
causing edema
Can be caused by: High Salt diet, heart failure, kidney failure, or liver failure.
Hypernatremia ✅High sodium content of the blood. Raises solute content (more salt),
in turn, raising OSMOTIC PRESSURE.
Osmotic pressure ✅The pressure exerted by the solutes in solution, causes water to
shift from ICF into the ECF -> Causing cellular dehydration.
ECF gains fluid > Secreted by the kidneys > more dehydration!
Polyuria ✅excess urine being excreted.
This continues until fluid is replenished appropriately
(Part of hypernatremia)
Hypovolemia ✅Is caused by dehydration; a diminished level of circulating blood
volume that increases the osmolarity of blood.
Hydrostatic pressure ✅the force exerted by the blood confined within the blood vessels
or heart chamber.
Isotonic ✅No fluid shifts- solutions on both sides are at equilibrium. Equal osmotic
pressure. No "tug of war".
Example- Human blood.
Caution: Too much isotonic fluids can cause fluid volume overload
Monitor: BP due to HTN crisis. Risk for CVA stroke.
Ex: 0.9 % sodium chloride (NS), lactated ringers (LR)
Use: Rehydrate body, increase low BP, blood transfusions, blood loss, DKA, HHNS(risk
for type 2 diabetes patients)- when blood sugar high
Hypertonic ✅HIGH & dry- Higher osmolarity than body fluids- very thick, very salty,
more solutes, less water. Fluid drawn out of the cell.
Monitor- BP, HTN crisis
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