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XI _Chem New_ Ch_ 08_ Organic _Chemistry _ Some_Basic_ Principles_ &_ Techniques.
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XI _Chem New_ Ch_ 08_ Organic _Chemistry _ Some_Basic_ Principles_ &_ Techniques.
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Spread the Happiness. Assertion and Reason Statements Feedback: 9008271516XI_CHEMISTRY_NEW_CHAPTER-08: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY _ SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES _ A&R TEST ITEMS
# Correct Assertion Correct Reason
8.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION; 8.2 TETRAVALENCE OF CARBON: SHAPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; 8.2.1 The Shapes of Carbon
Compounds; 8.2.2 some characteristic Features of π Bonds
Organic chemistry centers on carbon-containing Carbon's unique ability to form four covalent bonds fosters
1 molecules. remarkable molecular diversity and versatile functionalities
(hydrocarbons, alcohols, pharmaceuticals).
F. Wohler's urea synthesis challenged a prevailing Disproved the vital force theory, paving the way for synthetic
2
theory. organic compound creation.
Electronic theory revolutionized understanding of Provided a modern explanation of bonding between carbon atoms,
3
organic compounds. leading to significant advancements.
Orbital hybridization influences bond characteristics. Sp orbitals can form shorter, stronger bonds due to increased s-
4 character compared to sp3 orbitals, impacting overall molecule
properties (geometry, reactivity).
Parallel p orbitals are essential for π bond formation, Creates electron-rich regions susceptible to attack by reagents,
5
enhancing reactivity. influencing chemical behavior.
Hybridization dictates the shape of organic molecules. Different hybrid orbitals (sp3, sp2, sp) lead to specific molecular
6
geometries, impacting properties and functionalities.
Carbon's tetravalence enables formation of various Allows carbon to serve as the central atom for creating complex
7
organic molecules. structures with unique functionalities.
Covalent bonding between carbon atoms influences The arrangement of single, double, or triple bonds determines the
8
molecular shapes. 3D geometry of the molecule, impacting function.
Hybridization affects the electronegativity of carbon. The distribution of electrons within a molecule is influenced by the
9
hybridization state, impacting reactivity.
The electron cloud of π bonds makes them highly Delocalized electrons above and below the bonding plane create
10 reactive. nucleophilic regions, attracting electron-deficient reagents and
initiating chemical reactions.
8.3 STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; 8.3.1 complete, condensed and Bond-line structural Formulas;
8.3.2 Three-Dimensional Representation of Organic Molecules
Condensed structural formulas prioritize clarity by Focuses on core structure and essential functional groups,
11
omitting bond dashes and using subscripts. enhancing readability and conciseness.
Bond-line formulas depict organic molecules using Emphasize the carbon backbone and connectivity, omitting less
12 lines for carbon-carbon bonds, distinct from Lewis crucial details like hydrogen atoms and lone pairs.
structures.
3D arrangement of atoms in molecules influences Spatial factors like bond angles and proximity can affect polarity,
13
their properties and reactivity. interactions, and energy levels.
Wedge-and-dash formulas depict 3D shapes by Solid and dashed wedges provide depth cues, aiding visualization of
14 indicating bonds projecting towards or away from the bond orientation and overall molecular shape.
observer.
Framework models focus solely on the bonding Omits details about atom types, emphasizing connections and
15 pattern, highlighting the overall structure without network of bonds.
atom size.
Ball-and-stick models represent both atoms (as Provides a more detailed and tangible visualization of the molecule,
16
spheres) and bonds (as sticks) in a molecule. including relative positions of atoms.
Space-filling models emphasize the relative sizes of Conveys the occupied volume of each atom, offering insights into
17
atoms based on their van der Waals radii. steric interactions and molecular shape.
Complete structural formulas serve as a reference They explicitly depict every atomic connection within the molecule.
18
standard.
The complexity of the molecule influences the length More intricate structures require additional symbols and subscript
19
of condensed formulas. notations to accurately represent them.
The complexity of the molecule dictates the intricacy As molecules become more complex, bond-line formulas require
20
of the bond-line formula representation. additional lines and bends to depict all connections.
Condensed structural formulas abbreviate bond Omits redundant bond information to enhance readability and focus
21
dashes for clarity. on core structure and functionality.
Bond-line formulas distinguish from Lewis structures Sacrifices some detail about electron distribution to focus on the
22 by emphasizing the carbon backbone and core framework.
connectivity.
The 3D structure of molecules influences their Spatial arrangement of atoms can affect bond angles, polarity, and
23 properties and reactivity. interactions with other molecules, impacting overall behavior.
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, Spread the Happiness. Assertion and Reason Statements Feedback: 9008271516
XI_CHEMISTRY_NEW_CHAPTER-08: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY _ SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES _ A&R TEST ITEMS
# Correct Assertion Correct Reason
Wedge-and-dash formulas depict 3D structure by Solid and dashed wedges provide a visual tool to understand depth
24 indicating bonds projecting towards or away from the perception, crucial for accurate representation of spatial
observer. relationships.
Framework models focus on the bonding pattern. Highlights the overall structure without the distraction of atom size
25
or detail.
Ball-and-stick models provide a more detailed and Includes the relative positions of atoms and the connectivity
26
informative visualization of a molecule. between them.
Space-filling models emphasize the relative sizes of Conveys the occupied volume of each atom, offering insights into
27 atoms based on their van der Waals radius. steric interactions and how closely atoms can pack together within a
molecule.
The use of different structural formulas facilitates Each type (condensed, bond-line, complete) serves a specific
28 various levels of detail in representation. purpose, allowing chemists to choose the appropriate level of
complexity for their needs.
8.4 CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; 8.4.1 Functional Group; 8.4.2 Homologous Series;
Acyclic compounds are straight or branched carbon Simplest organic compounds lacking closed-chain structures.
29
chains.
Cyclic compounds contain carbon atoms in a ring Introduces a more complex arrangement of carbon atoms compared
30
structure. to acyclic compounds.
Aromatic compounds have unique ring structures Distinguished from other cyclic compounds by specific electronic
31
with special properties. structure and behavior.
Functional groups determine chemical properties of Specific arrangements and types of atoms within a group influence
32
organic compounds. reactivity.
Homologous series: compounds with similar Enables prediction of properties based on functional group patterns.
33
functional group differing by CH2 unit.
Hydroxyl group (OH) influences polarity and hydrogen Functional group's structure can affect intermolecular interactions
34
bonding. like hydrogen bonding.
Carbonyl group (C=O) influences double bond Functional group's electronic properties can influence reaction
35
formation and reactivity. mechanisms.
Organic compounds classified by structure and Provides framework for predicting properties and organizing for
36
functional groups. study.
Classification system facilitates analysis of organic Enables systematic organization for study, prediction, and targeted
37
compounds. analysis.
Homologous series enable prediction of compound Systematic approach allows prediction based on functional group
38
properties. patterns.
Alicyclic compounds are cyclic hydrocarbons. Contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms within the ring structure.
39
Aromatic compounds have unique stability due to Specific electronic structure contributes to distinct chemical
40
delocalized electrons. behavior.
8.5 NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; 8.5.1 The IUPAC System of Nomenclature; 8.5.2 IUPAC Nomenclature of
Alkanes; 8.5.3 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds having Functional Group(s); 8.5.4 Nomenclature of Substituted Benzene
Systematic IUPAC names reveal a molecule's This approach establishes a clear link between a compound's name
41 structure. and its constituent parts (functional groups and carbon chain).
Prefixes and suffixes in IUPAC names denote These modifications act as a code, conveying specific information
42
functional groups and carbon chain details. about the molecule's structure in a concise manner.
Functional groups define a molecule's class and The unique bonding patterns of functional groups influence a
43 reactivity. molecule's chemical behavior, enabling classification based on its
reactions.
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds solely This fundamental concept serves as the foundation for
44
composed of carbon and hydrogen. understanding various organic molecules.
Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) lack double bonds, The absence of double bonds influences properties like shape and
45 impacting properties. reactivity, distinguishing alkanes from unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Alkyl groups are derived from alkanes by removing a This definition clarifies the origin and structure of alkyl groups,
46
hydrogen. essential building blocks in organic molecules.
Identifying the longest chain is the first step for Prioritizing the longest chain ensures an accurate representation of
47
naming branched alkanes (IUPAC). the core carbon structure in branched molecules.
Numbering the carbon chain in branched alkanes This numbering system provides a clear reference for locating
48
pinpoints substituent locations. functional groups and branches within the molecule.
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