Exam (elaborations)
A Level Psychology (AQA)
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A Level Psychology (AQA)
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A Level Psychology (AQA)ABC model-✔✔ Ellis proposed that depression occurs when an activating
event triggers an irrational belief which in turn produces a consequence i.e.
an emotional response like depression
ABCDE model-✔✔ extends Ellis's explanation of depression to a therapy -
D stands for disputing irrational thoughts and E for the effect of disputing
acetylcholine-✔✔ a neurotransmitter. In the central nervous system it
plays a key role in attention and arousal. In the peripheral nervous system
it causes muscles to contract
acoustically-✔✔ refers to sounds or the sense of hearing
acquiescence bias-✔✔ tendency for a person to respond to any
questionnaire/interview item with agreement regardless of the actual
content
action potential-✔✔ a short increase and decrease of electrical activity in
the membrane of a neuron, transmitting a signal away from the cell
Theodor Adorno-✔✔ German philosopher and sociologist who came up
with the theory of authoritarian personality
adrenal glands-✔✔ small glands located on top of each kidney that are
part of the endocrine system that release adrenaline and noradrenaline
adrenaline-✔✔ a hormone produced by the adrenal gland that are often
part of the immediate stress response
adrenocotricotrophic hormone-✔✔ stimulates the release of cortisol from
the cortex of the adrenal gland
,affectionless psychopathy-✔✔ a behaviour disorder in which the individual
has no ability to experience shame or guilt and lacks a social conscience,
meaning that they may find it easier to commit crimes
agentic shift-✔✔ changing from being in an autonomous state to being in
an agentic state
agentic state-✔✔ a mental state where we feel no personal responsibility
for our behaviour because we believe ourselves to be acting for an
authority figure. This frees us from the demands of our consciences and
allows us to obey even a destructive authority figure
agoraphobia-✔✔ intense fear of being in public places where you feel
escape might be difficult
aim-✔✔ a general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate;
the purpose of the study
Mary Ainsworth-✔✔ the developer of the Strange Situation
amnesia-✔✔ a loss of memory due to brain damage, disease or
psychological trauma
anomalous results-✔✔ data that do not fit in with the pattern of the other
data
anonymity-✔✔ an important aspect of confidentiality; a participant remains
anonymous
antidepressant-✔✔ a group of drugs which increase the production of
serotonin and/or noradrenaline to reduce symptoms of depression
antisocial personality disorder-✔✔ a mental health condition where a
person has a repeated pattern of behaviour manipulating or violating the
rights of others
,anxiety-✔✔ a state of emotional and physical arousal. Emotions include
having worried thoughts and feelings of tension. Physical changes include
an increased heart rate and sweatiness
anxiety disorders-✔✔ a group of mental disorders characterised by levels
of fear and apprehension which are disproportionate to any threat posed
anxiety hierarchy-✔✔ a method for reducing or curing phobias as part of
systematic desensitisation
approach-✔✔ a way to explain behaviour
articulatory process-✔✔ a component of the phonological loop which acts
as an inner voice
articulatory suppression task-✔✔ an activity that prevents rehearsal of
words in the articulatory loop
Solomon Asch-✔✔ a social psychologist who worked on social influence
asocial stage-✔✔ a stage of infant development in the first few weeks of
life where behaviour towards people and inanimate objects is similar
attachment-✔✔ an emotional bond between two people that endures over
time. Leads to certain behaviours such as clinging and proximity-seeking
attachment type-✔✔ refers to whether a person is securely or insecurely
attached
augmentation principle-✔✔ if a person performs an action when there are
known constraints then their motive for acting must be stronger
, autonomic nervous system-✔✔ transmits information to and from internal
bodily organs. Divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
systems
autonomous state-✔✔ being aware of the consequences of one's own
actions and therefore taking voluntary control of one's own behaviour
Albert Bandura-✔✔ came up with the social learning theory
bar chart-✔✔ a type of graph in which the frequency of each variable is
represented by the height of the bars
baseline study-✔✔ a study done before an investigation to identify a
starting point
behaviour checklist-✔✔ in an observational study, dividing the behaviours
to be observed into individual components. A form of operationalisation
behaviour geneticists-✔✔ a field of study concerned with the role of genes
in behaviour such as inherited factors in mental disorder or aggression
behavioural activation-✔✔ a therapy for depression focusing on
encouraging patients to engage in those activities they are avoiding to
increase environmental reinforcement
behavioural approach-✔✔ a way of explaining behaviour in terms of what
is observable and in terms of learning
behavioural therapy-✔✔ any form of therapy derived from the behaviourist
model
bias-✔✔ in the context of sapling when certain groups may be over or
under represented within the sample selected
binding factors-✔✔ elements of the situation that reduce moral strain
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