Exam (elaborations)
11. Forensic psychology - essay plans.
- Course
- Institution
11. Forensic psychology - essay plans.
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
modockochieng06
Content preview
11. Forensic psychology - essay plansOutline and evaluate the top-down approach to offender profiling.
AO1 - correct answer-- used in the US, developed from interviews with 36
sexually-motivated serial killers in the 1970s
- data collection: crime scene evidence, EWT
- crime classification: typology is identified
--- organised: planned, removes evidence, socially competent, high IQ, unknown to victim
--- disorganised: unplanned, chaotic crime scene, socially inept, low IQ, known to victim
- crime reconstruction: events of the crime established
- profile generation: 'sketch' of an offender's characteristics and demographic is developed
Outline and evaluate the top-down approach to offender profiling.
AO3
+--- - correct answer-+ FBI claims it's useful in apprehending offenders
save time/resources, catches offenders before they act again
--- subjective, Canter, 39 characteristics in 100 serial killers, types not clear
- classification is too simplistic
Godwin - high IQ, sexually competent, left the body at crime scene, unplanned, behaviours
not mutually exclusive, classification is reductionist
- not applicable to all crimes
only useful for rape or murder, not burglary or theft, bottom up may be more useful
- based on outdated models of personality
static personality traits not accurate, ignores external factors, not valid in prediction of next
moves
Outline and evaluate the bottom-up approach to offender profiling.
AO1 - correct answer-- developed by Canter for the UK police force, no pre-established
typology
- investigative psychology: crime is recorded on a data base and matched with others to
develop hypotheses about the characteristics and motivations of offenders
- interpersonal coherence (the way an offender treats a victim reflects real-life functioning)
- forensic awareness (covering tracks)
- geographical profiling, find the operational base at the centre of the locations of previous
crimes (circle theory)
- use CGT to develop a jeopardy surface map used to predict future crimes
- SSA identifies patterns in behaviour by combing matrix data involving multiple variables to
measure relationships between them
Outline and evaluation the bottom-up approach to offender profiling.
, AO3
+/- +/- +/- - - correct answer-+ case study support
Railway Rapist, John Duffy apprehended
--- Murder of Rachel Nickell wrongly ruled out the suspect, took 16 years, negative economic
impact
+ narrows down search area
Lundrigan and Canter analysed 120 murder cases, SSA found residences at the centre of
the patterns
--- cannot distinguish between multiple offenders
+ more scientific
objective statistical techniques and computer analysis (SSA)
--- only as good as the data inputted, not including unsolved crimes; formulae may be
incorrect
- circle theory is unsuccessful
Canter and Larkin 45 sexual assaults 91% of offenders were marauders; police may look in
the wrong places, oversimplistic, cities can form other patterns
Describe and evaluate research into the atavistic form. (8 marks)
AO1 - correct answer-- Lombroso: offenders are biologically different, lack evolutionary
development, sub-species
- physiological markers: strong jaw, facial asymmetry, extra toes/nipples, curly hair
- savage nature means they could not adjust to civilised society, therefore as a genetic
throwback, people with an atavistic form become social outcasts and turn to crime
- examined skulls of 383 dead and 3839 alive convicts in Italy, concluded that 40% of crimes
can be explained using the atavistic form
Describe and evaluate research into the atavistic form. (8 marks)
AO3
+/- - - - correct answer-+ led to development of modern criminology
Hollin, paradigm shift to a more credible approach: large sample
--- not scientifically credible, lack of control group, no random allocation of participants, too
subjective to determine cause-and-effect, lack of validity
- scientific racism
DeLisi, if characteristics predispose criminals, certain races would be more likely to become
offenders, e.g. African Americans have curly hair, ethical implications, justifies eugenics
- contradictory evidence
Goring, 3000 non-criminals and 3000 criminals, no evidence of unusual facial characteristics
Discuss genetic explanations of offending. Refer to evidence in your answer.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller modockochieng06. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $7.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
85443 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now