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Volledige samenvatting cognitie

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Samenvatting cognitie bèta gamma inclusief afbeeldingen, markeringen en belangrijke termen

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  • June 24, 2024
  • 47
  • 2023/2024
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Chapter 1




Cognition variety of higher
: mental processes

Cognitive neuroscience :
bridge between cognitive science and cognitive psychology


Mind-body problem : how can a
physical substance rise to our sensations , thoughts ,
etc.?
-


dualism : mind & body are
different substances ->
pijnappelklier
-




dual-aspect theory : mind & body are two levels
of expl on the same thing
.




reductionism mind terms of biological terms
:
eventually explained solely in
-




individual
phrenology :
differences in
cognition can be mapped onto differences in skull shape
·


different regions have different functions and thus different behaviors

·
size of the regions produces distortions of the skull >
-


different personalities


phrenology not true but , different regions do have different functions >
-



functional
to
have
determine specialization >
-

neurons some
degree of specialization
>
1. Empirical observations

.
2 Models that do not make direct reference to the brain




Functional specialization
-

Broca : no speech production 2 , cognitive neuropsychology luse of brain damaged
speech comprehension ~
Wernicke
patients)
: no
-




Information-processing models : behavior is described in terms of a sequence of cognitive stages
·
no reference to the brain

·
mind as a series of routines >
-
like computersystems /serial processes


Modularity : certain processes are restricted in the type of information they process

modules : one particular type of information > domain specifity
· -




Central
systems non-specific information
: domain independent
·
>
-

,Interactivity : later stages of processing can begin before earlier
stages are complete
·

top-down processing :
influence later stages on
processing of earlier ones

·

bottom-up processing information from :
simple to more complex
·

parallel processing :
information processed at the same time




Methods

recording
·




·
stimulation



Method dimensions

temporal resolution when is an event occuring ? physiological changes
·
:




spatial resolutions where is an event
occuring ?
·
:



·
invasiveness : in -
or outside the body ?


Challenges
to the mind without the brain ?
1.
possible study
2 .

functional imaging tells us where ,
not how

.
3
cognitive neuroscience is a new form of phrenology

networks become more popular instead of modules

· connectome :
map of neural connections in the brain ("wiring diagram")

,Chapter 2




Structure neurons :



·
Cell body /soma)
nucleus genetic code protein synthesis
-


:
,




·
Dendrites :
receive information from neurons

·
Axon : sends information to neurons /only one axon )
!




Synapse : small
gap between neurons in which neurotransmitters are released -+
signals
between neurons
·


presynaptic (before synapse) the direction
axon

postsynaptic /aftersynapse) reflecting
-dendrite


of information flow
·




action potential
I

Active presynaptic neuron > -
action potential > axon
-

terminal

neurotransmitters released into synaptic deft
>
are
-




Action potential change in the electrical properties of the membrane in an axon
·
:
a


Neurotransmitters
·
: chemical signals that bind to receptors on the dendrites or cell body of
the postsynaptic neuron >
-



synaptic potential (passive)
>
-
basis EEC


14 generated at different dendritic sites)
passive currents summed together > threshold
-
>
-

active electrical current +> comminucation




Electrical signaling and the action potential
Generation actionpotential :




1. Passive current ? Nat comes in

1 .

Potential inside the cell goes up >
-



depolarization
+
.K
3 goes out
>
-


repolarization (Natgate closes)
4
. Brief period inside more negative > hyperpolarization prevents
-
:




another depolarization straight away and a action

potential travelling backwards.

, depolarization +
repolarization = action potential

hyperpolarization prevents backwards movement (not able to depolarize) >
-


refractaire periode


Myelin fatty substance
: that is deposited around the axon
of some neurons > -


speeds conduction

<
nodes of Ranvier : where myelin is absent




Receptors : bind to neurotransmitters in
postsynaptic membrane >
-



transmitter-gated ion channels


1 GABA :
making the postsynaptic neuron less likely to fire (inside more
negative >
-
less likely to fire)
.
2 Glutamate :
making the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire (passively conducted



Amplitude of action potential does not
vary but the number of potentials does >
spiking rate > info code
- -

,




Type of information that a neuron carries is related to in -
and output >
-
selective response



Behaviorisme (1900-1960)
-




Thorndike/Watson/Pavlov/Skinner
*
-
stimulus >
-
"blackbox - response
-

wat er in dat brein gebeurd zonder het echt te weten

-

classic conditioning : het leren associeren van 2 dingen
~


operant conditioning : het leven van
gedrag door het te associeren met de gevolgen


Cognitivisme
-


hoe?

manipuleren symbolische representaties
-




-

architectuur cognitie
-


the mind zonder the brain



Glia cells :
formation myclin + tissue repair

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