Chapter 10: Sustaining Terrestrial
Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach
Human activities- ✅________ degrade or overuse 60 % of the earths
natural services.
Tropical forests-✅________: Especially in Latin America, Indonesia, and
Africa.
Old-growth or primary forest (36%)- ✅Uncut, or not disturbed for several
hundred years
Ecological niche- ✅Reservoirs of biodiversity
Second-growth forest (60%)-✅Secondary ecological succession
Selective cutting-✅Intermediate-aged or mature trees are cut singly or in
small groups
Clear-cutting-✅Removal of all trees from an area
Strip cutting-✅Clear-cutting a strip of trees along the contour of the land
Surface fires-✅Usually burn leaf litter and undergrowth
Crown fires-✅Extremely hot so it burns whole trees, kill wildlife, and
increase soil erosion
✅
Global warming- Rising temperatures, trees become more susceptible to
diseases and pests, drier forests have more fires, increase in greenhouse
gases
Tropical forests-✅Especially in Latin America, Indonesia, and Africa
, Boreal forests- ✅A coniferous forest consisting primarily of pine, spruce,
and larch trees
✅Owns and manages protective timberland
Collins Pine-
Forest Stewardship Council-✅Developed a list of environmentally sound
practices
Prescribed Fires-✅Carefully planned & monitored
Allow fires on public lands to burn-✅Removes flammable underbrush &
smaller trees
✅Eliminate the use of flammable
Protect structures in fire-prone areas-
construction materials
✅
Thin forests in fire-prone areas- Clear away small fire-prone trees &
underbrush under environmental controls
✅Highly flammable debris
Slash-
Rangelands-✅Unfenced grasslands in temperate and tropical climates
that provide forage for animals
Pastures- ✅Managed grasslands and fences meadows used for grazing
livestock
✅
Overgrazing of rangelands- Reduces grass cover, leads to erosion of soil
by water and wind, the soil becomes compacted and enhances invasion of
plant species that cattle wont eat
✅
Wilderness- Land officially designated as having no serious disturbance
from human activities
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