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Summary Philosophy & Ethics - Lecture 4

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Philosophy & Ethics - Lecture 4

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  • August 14, 2019
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  • 2017/2018
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Philosophy & Ethics – Lecture 4 (16-05-2018): Introduction to Animal Ethics

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804):
- Autonomy
- Rationality
- Nature vs. culture
- Anthropocentrism  considering humans and their existence as the most important and
central fact in the universe

‘’Animals have no rights, because they are part of culture’’
o But we have duties towards animals.

According to Kant there is an hierarchy in animals, with mammals and humans being on top of
the hierarchy.  ‘higher’ animals can feel more pain; ‘if you can use a frog, don’t use a dog’ 
Anthropocentrism.

18th c. experimental method:
- Era of scientific revolution

- Manipulation: before you look at something, manipulate it (e.g. volume/heat, etc.)
- Technology (technoscience)
- Power (over nature) = knowledge
- Knowledge = power

Mary Shelley (author) – Frankenstein (1818):
Electricity = life, life = electricity

Luigi Galvani (1737-1798):
Electricity = life, life = electricity

Giovani Aldini (1762-1834):
Electricity = life, life = electricity

Albrecht von Haller (1707-1777):
- ‘’Animals are sensitive organisms, rather than machines’’.


Johannes Peter Müller (1801-1858):
- ‘’Use frogs rather than mammals’’
- Conflicts between methodological and ethical considerations (two sources of normativity)
- Anaesthetics (substance that makes you feel unable to feel pain – verdoving)

Claude Bernard (1813-1878):
- ‘’Scientists have an unconditional right, a duty even, to perform experiments on animals
for the benefit of future human patients’’
- ‘’Vivisection is inevitable if we want to transform medicine into an evidence-based
practice’’
- Experimentation by destruction on the organism  observe the results
o Observation is the basic logic of experimentation = manipulation;knowledge =
power and power = knowledge.

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