Dit document bevat de uitwerkingen van alle hoorcolleges en werkgroepen van het vak Inleiding Internationaal Publiekrecht, collegejaar 23/24.
Het document is overzichtelijk en in begrijpelijk Nederlands geschreven en bevat volledige uitwerkingen. De casusvragen zijn stapsgewijs uitgewerkt, op de...
Inhoudsopgave
Week 1 – Grondslagen van de internationale rechtsorde................................................................................4
Hoorcollege...........................................................................................................................................................4
Internationaal publiekrecht..............................................................................................................................4
Verhouding: dualisme vs. monisme.................................................................................................................4
Nationaal recht vs. internationaal recht...........................................................................................................5
Geschiedenis.....................................................................................................................................................5
Kernbegrippen..................................................................................................................................................5
Vrede en veiligheid...........................................................................................................................................6
De oorlog in Oekraïne.......................................................................................................................................8
Werkgroep............................................................................................................................................................9
Meerkeuzevragen...............................................................................................................................................13
Week 2 – Subjecten van het internationaal publiekrecht...............................................................................15
Hoorcollege.........................................................................................................................................................15
Rechtssubjectiviteit........................................................................................................................................15
Subjecten van internationaal publiekrecht....................................................................................................16
Soevereiniteit..................................................................................................................................................16
Soevereine gelijkheid van staten....................................................................................................................16
Criteria van een staat......................................................................................................................................16
Totstandkoming en wijziging van de staat......................................................................................................18
Juridische beoordeling van nieuwe staten.....................................................................................................18
Legaliteit.........................................................................................................................................................18
De Democratische Republiek Oost-Timor/’Fretilin’ e.a. tegen de Staat der Nederlanden
(Arrondissementsrechtbank ’s-Gravenhage, 21 februari 1980).....................................................................19
Internationale organisaties.............................................................................................................................20
Verenigde Naties.............................................................................................................................................20
Rechtspersoonlijkheid van internationale organisaties..................................................................................20
Reparations for Injuries AO............................................................................................................................21
Bevoegdheden van internationale organisaties.............................................................................................21
Lidmaatschap..................................................................................................................................................21
Palestina – lidmaatschap van de VN...............................................................................................................22
De facto regimes en bevrijdingsbewegingen.................................................................................................22
Natuurlijke personen......................................................................................................................................22
Multinationale ondernemingen.....................................................................................................................22
Non-gouvernementele organisaties...............................................................................................................22
Werkgroep..........................................................................................................................................................24
Meerkeuzevragen...............................................................................................................................................29
Week 3 – Bronnen van het internationaal publiekrecht.................................................................................30
Hoorcollege.........................................................................................................................................................30
Bronnen van het internationaal publiekrecht................................................................................................30
Instemming.....................................................................................................................................................30
Verdragen.......................................................................................................................................................31
Qatar vs. Bahrain............................................................................................................................................32
Verdragenrecht...............................................................................................................................................32
Weens Verdragenverdrag (1969)....................................................................................................................32
Tijdlijn verdrag................................................................................................................................................32
Voorbehouden (reservations).........................................................................................................................33
Pacta sunt servanda........................................................................................................................................34
Interpretatie....................................................................................................................................................34
1
, Terminologie...................................................................................................................................................34
Ongeldigheid van verdragen...........................................................................................................................34
Opzegging, opschorting en beëindiging.........................................................................................................35
Gewoonterecht...............................................................................................................................................35
Statenpraktijk..................................................................................................................................................36
Opinio juris.....................................................................................................................................................36
North Sea Continental Shelf Cases.................................................................................................................37
Verhouding tussen verdragen en het gewoonterecht....................................................................................37
Besluiten van internationale organisaties......................................................................................................37
Algemene rechtsbeginselen...........................................................................................................................38
Eenzijdige rechtshandelingen.........................................................................................................................38
Rechterlijke beslissingen en opvattingen van de meest bevoegde schrijvers................................................38
Soft law...........................................................................................................................................................38
Werkgroep..........................................................................................................................................................39
Meerkeuzevragen...............................................................................................................................................46
Week 4 – Handhaving en geschillenbeslechting............................................................................................ 48
Hoorcollege.........................................................................................................................................................48
Internationale geschillen................................................................................................................................48
Handhaving.....................................................................................................................................................49
Toezichtsprocedures binnen internationale organisaties...............................................................................50
Diplomatieke methoden.................................................................................................................................50
Onderhandelingen..........................................................................................................................................50
Goede diensten en bemiddeling....................................................................................................................51
Feitenonderzoek.............................................................................................................................................51
Conciliatie (verzoening)..................................................................................................................................51
Juridische methoden van geschillenbeslechting............................................................................................51
Rechtspraak....................................................................................................................................................52
Internationaal Gerechtshof (IGH)...................................................................................................................52
DRC v. Rwanda (2006).....................................................................................................................................53
Positie derde staat..........................................................................................................................................54
East-Timor (1995)...........................................................................................................................................54
Procedure IGH................................................................................................................................................54
Adviesfunctie IGH...........................................................................................................................................54
Werkgroep..........................................................................................................................................................56
Meerkeuzevragen...............................................................................................................................................61
Week 5 – Aansprakelijkheidsrecht................................................................................................................ 62
Hoorcollege.........................................................................................................................................................62
Aansprakelijkheidsrecht.................................................................................................................................62
Bronnen van staatsaansprakelijkheidsrecht...................................................................................................62
Internationale onrechtmatige daad...............................................................................................................62
Bosnian Genocide Case (2007).......................................................................................................................64
Verdedigingsgronden......................................................................................................................................65
Gevolgen en rechtsherstel..............................................................................................................................66
Rechtsgevolgen schending van jus cogens.....................................................................................................67
Inroepen van aansprakelijkheid......................................................................................................................68
Bronnen van aansprakelijkheid voor internationale organisaties..................................................................69
Vergelijking tussen de ARSIWA en de ARIO....................................................................................................69
Nuhanović arrest HR (2013)...........................................................................................................................70
Werkgroep..........................................................................................................................................................71
Meerkeuzevragen...............................................................................................................................................77
2
,Week 6 – Rechtsmacht en immuniteiten....................................................................................................... 79
Hoorcollege.........................................................................................................................................................79
Rechtsmacht en immuniteiten.......................................................................................................................79
Rechtsmacht...................................................................................................................................................79
Extraterritoriale handhaving...........................................................................................................................81
Afbakening van staatsgezag buiten het grondgebied.....................................................................................81
Korte samenvatting.........................................................................................................................................84
Rechtsmacht in de lucht.................................................................................................................................85
De ruimte........................................................................................................................................................85
Poolgebieden..................................................................................................................................................85
Immuniteiten..................................................................................................................................................85
Staatsimmuniteit............................................................................................................................................85
Jurisdictional Immunities of the State, Germany v. Italy (2012)....................................................................87
Arrest Warrant Case (2002) IGH.....................................................................................................................88
Diplomatieke betrekkingen............................................................................................................................88
Diplomatieke betrekkingen............................................................................................................................88
Diplomatieke immuniteit................................................................................................................................89
Immuniteit van internationale organisaties...................................................................................................90
Werkgroep..........................................................................................................................................................91
Meerkeuzevragen...............................................................................................................................................96
Week 7 – Nederland en de internationale rechtsorde...................................................................................98
Hoorcollege.........................................................................................................................................................98
Verhouding tussen internationaal recht en nationaal recht..........................................................................98
Dualisme en monisme....................................................................................................................................98
Doorwerking...................................................................................................................................................99
Rechtstreekse werking....................................................................................................................................99
Spoorwegstaking HR (1986).........................................................................................................................100
Voorrang.......................................................................................................................................................100
Decembermoorden – Bouterse HR (2002)...................................................................................................101
Sanctieregeling Iran HR (2012).....................................................................................................................101
Doorwerking samengevat.............................................................................................................................102
Werkgroep........................................................................................................................................................103
Meerkeuzevragen.............................................................................................................................................107
3
, Week 1 – Grondslagen van de internationale
rechtsorde
Te bestuderen literatuur:
Literatuur:
o A. Nollkaemper, Kern van het internationaal publiekrecht, H. 1 (Begrip en aard van
het internationaal publiekrecht).
o A. Nollkaemper, Kern van het internationaal publiekrecht, H. 10 (Vrede en veiligheid),
t/m 10.6.4.
Documenten:
o Grondwet voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, art. 90 (EIR, p. 3).
o 1945 Charter of the United Nations (EIR, p. 123).
o UN GA Resolution A/RES/ES-11/1 (2022) “Aggression against Ukraine” (EIR, p. 428).
Jurisprudentie:
o Zie opgave 4.
Hoorcollege
Internationaal publiekrecht
De internationale orde is onderling afhankelijk, dit maakt internationale samenwerking noodzakelijk.
Het internationaal publiekrecht maakt dat mogelijk, zorgt voor een juridisch kader.
- Definitie volgens Nollkaemper: Internationaal publiekrecht regelt de uitoefening van publiek
gezag in de internationale gemeenschap. Het kent bevoegdheden toe aan entiteiten die
publiek gezag uitoefenen (vooral Staten en internationale organisaties) en biedt een juridisch
kader waarbinnen zij deze bevoegdheden uitoefenen.
Internationaal recht is anders dan nationaal recht. Dit blijkt uit internationale rechtsbronnen:
Gewoonterecht;
Verdragen;
Algemene rechtsbeginselen;
Besluiten van internationale organisaties;
Secundair: rechterlijke beslissingen en opvattingen van de meest bevoegde schrijvers.
Verhouding: dualisme vs. monisme.
Dualisme = nationaal recht en internationaal recht zijn gescheiden rechtsordes.
Monisme = nationaal recht en internationaal recht zijn één rechtsorde.
- Nederland heeft een gematigd monistisch stelsel
Internationaal publiekrecht regelt de uitoefening van publiek gezag. De staat en internationale
organisaties zijn de actoren, vooral zij oefenen dit gezag uit. Zij beschermen publieke belangen als
welzijn en bescherming van natuur en milieu.
Internationaal recht blijft recht!
Internationaal publiekrechtelijke normen zijn niet-juridische normen. Welke normen kennen we?
Aanbevelingen van bijvoorbeeld de Algemene Vergadering van de Verenigde Naties (AVVN);
Morele en religieuze normen;
Politieke overwegingen.
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