Clear notes of all topics (two years) from IGCSE Edexcel 9-1 Chemistry. This includes: Principals of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry.
Deposition
of sublimation and
·
Example deposition
↳ carbon dioxide
(dry ice)
SOLID-ice
LIQUID-water
GAS-steam/water vapour
PLASMA-stars and lightning
↳When we heat gas to
to extreme high temprature so that one or more
up
electrons torn from the atom
away
are
Difference Between Boiling and
Evaporation
Boiling
/ &
Evaporation
·
liquid transforms into gas that happens at
only
·
a
process
at all volume the surface of the liquid
·
happens all the time at any temp
is NOT equally ,
distributed
energy
·
higy energy particles exaporate
SOLID LIQUID GAS
·
000000 0 O O
00000
200 00 000000
O
O &
⑧
O
O
8
O G g
000
O
000000000 O
g
00 000 0000 O
O · O O
000000000 G
still
packed tightly close to eachother far away weak interaction
,
together and can but can freely move
between particles
only vibrate
, Phase Diagram
- · In the mountains water boils at
temprature because
Y
a lower pressure
Liquid ocritical
and the water is
~
is lower less
point
its easier
squeezed by the air so
T G Triple
Point
for it to turn into gas
.
Solid -
d =
v=
Gas
>
Temprature
DTFFUSION
·
happens due to random movement of
particles Example :
drop of ink
Putting a
· From Higher to Lower concentration into water
· The higher the temprature ,
the faster it happens
O
s
oo
00 O O
O
O00
7 ·
0 O
Diffusion
800
O
G .
0 o
-
more from higher to lower concentration area
Ammonia Hyrochloric
II
acid
se ⑤
+
=
NHyCI ↑ ↑ ↑
cotton soaked white ring forms
(Ammonium chloride) with ammonia ammonium
chloride
Wottonsoakedaeoric
a sid
, Separation Methods
MIXTURES AND COMPOUNDS
Expirement
When decreased the water started boiling at 29
·
pressure
degrees celcius
·
When the water boiled the temp decreased because the process
of turning from liquid to a
gas takes up energy
TRIPLE POINT
-
When temprature is at a
freezing point but the pressure
is lower so it boils at the same time
LOWER PRESURE = LOWER BOILING POINT
WORDS
Atom - it is the smallest part of matter that has its own chemical properteries
chemical
Element - is a
group
of atoms that have the same
properties
of atoms that made from diffrent elements
Compound a
group are
-
Mixture -
combination of 2 or more substances not
chemically bonded
Homogeneos
-
Mixture in which we cannot distinguish separate ingridients
Heterogeneos -
Mixure in which we can
distinguish between separate ingridients
Molecule -
two or more atoms
chemically bonded
Ion -
atom or molecule that lost or
gained electrons
1)
Anion If cation ( +
)
HOW TO SEPERATE
>
-
sand and salt
↳ hetero geos
salt will disolve and filter out the
to the mixture
↳
adding water , ,
sand and leave the salt mixture for the water to evaporate
Water
>
-
oil and water
Oil
↳ heterogeos OIL
the beaker
↳ suringe the oil out of WATER
↳ Or use a
separatig
value #
, >
-
carbon dioxide and oxegen
↳ nomogeneos
carbon dioxide will freeze and become
deposition
a
↳ ,
solid
>
- salt and water
↳ homogeneos
and salt will stay
↳ heat mixure
up ,
water will evaporate
↳ Using tweezers (taking out a rock from water)
funnles
>
-
suringe tweezers , , separating
· Filtration
↳ membrane that lets out of the substances not the other
Using a
one
↳ cloth ,
filter paper , -
Residue
D
Funnel
I
Beaker
Filtrate
-
·
Evaporation/crystallisation
↳ heating up
the substance so that one of the evaporates
- Evaporating basin ↳ crystalizer
-
/ Basil burner
·
Simple distillation
↳ substances have diffrent boiling points ,
three-way thermometer
adapter
17 condenser
↳ using RO flask and heat
up
~
-
sphyrical
flask
beaker
-O" ~ distillator
y
X
gauze
Ttripod
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