western diet - ANS--less gut microbiome biodiversity, linked to several diseases
-Decreased levels of SCFA produced
-Higher firmicute to bacteroidetes ratio (correlates with increased obesity susceptibility)
prebiotics - ANS--Changing bacterial food sources & composition
-foods ingredients that: are fermented by intestinal microflora, selectively stimulates
growth/activity of intestinal bacteria associated with health & well-being
-abundantly found in wheat, banana, onion, leek & garlic
-Supplementation (like oligofructose, aka inulin) to a high fat diet has been shown in
animal experiments to increase # of beneficial bacteria (Bifidobacteria species) &
improve insulin sensitivity
probiotics - ANS--Changing microbiome by adding live nonpathogenic microorganisms
-confer health benefits to host & include fermented milk & food products
-mechanisms of action: enhancement of epithelial barrier, increased adhesion to
intestinal mucosa, concomitant inhibition of pathogen adhesion, competitive exclusion of
pathogenic microorganisms, production of anti-microorganism substances & modulation
of immune system
antibiotics - ANS--Killing unwanted bacteria
-linked to weight gain by perturbing microbial diversity
-complete elimination of intestinal bacteria protects from weight gain but not feasible in
human patients
-causes substantial changes in balance of species within gut microbiota & in expression
of microbial genes that convert carbs to SCFA -> may lead to enhanced energy
extraction and obesity
fecal transplantation - ANS--more radical form of probiotic treatment which involves
transfer of fecal microbes from a healthy host to a patient
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