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IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR POWERING AND GROUNDING ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT 11 0 0™
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IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR POWERING AND GROUNDING ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT 11 0 0™
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1100™IEEE Recommended Practice for
Powering and
Grounding
Electronic
Equipment
Published by the IEEE Std 1100™-2005
Institute of Electrical and (Revision of
Electronics Engineers, Inc. IEEE Std 1100-1999)
,
,Recognized as an IEEE Std 1100™-2005
American National Standard (ANSI) (Revision of
IEEE Std 1100-1999)
IEEE Recommended Practice for
Powering and Grounding
Electronic Equipment
Sponsor
Power Systems Engineering Committee
of the
Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Department
of the
IEEE Industry Applications Society
Approved 9 December 2005
IEEE-SA Standards Board
Approved 29 December 2005
American National Standards Institute
,Abstract: The IEEE Emerald Book™ presents a collection of consensus best practices for the
powering and grounding of electronic equipment used in commercial and industrial applications.
The main objective is to provide consensus recommended practices in an area where conflicting
information and conflicting design philosophies have dominated. The recommended practices
described are intended to enhance equipment performance while maintaining a safe installation. A
description of the nature and origin of power disturbances is provided, followed by theory on the
various parameters that impact power quality. Information on quantifying and resolving power and
grounding related concerns using measurement and diagnostic instrumentation and standardized
investigative procedures are included. Recommended power protection equipment and wiring and
grounding system design practices are presented. Information on telecommunications system
power protection as well as grounding, industrial system grounding, and noise control is included.
Finally a selection of case studies are presented to support the recommended practices presented
throughout the book.
Keywords: commercial applications, electrical power, electronic equipment, grounding, industrial
applications, power conditioning, power disturbance, power monitor, power quality
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA
Copyright © 2006 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
All rights reserved. Published 24 May 2006. Printed in the United States of America.
IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, owned by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Incorporated.
National Electrical Code and NEC are both registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association, Inc.
National Electrical Safety Code and NESC are both registered trademarks and service marks of the Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
NEBS is a trademark of Telcordia Technologies, Inc.
Telcordia is a registered trademark of Telcordia Technologies, Inc.
Print: ISBN 0-7381-4979-9 SH95510
PDF: ISBN 0-7381-4978-0 SS95510
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the publisher.
,Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following for having granted permission to reprint illustrations in this
document, as follows:
American Power Conversion (APC) for Figure 9-14.
BICSI for Figure 9-12, 9-13, and 9-15.
Bourns, Inc., “Selection Guide, Telecom Circuit Protection,” 2000, for Figures 9J-1, 9J-2, and 9J-3; “Telecom
Circuit Protection Trends,” M. J. Maytum, Power Innovations Limited, Passive Component Industry, January/
February 2001, vol. 3, no. 1, for Figures 9J-1, 9J-2, 9J-3, 9J-4, 9J-5, 9J-5, 9J-6, and 9J-7. Figures 9J-1 and
9J-2 also appear in IEC 61643-22, edition 1.0, 2004-11.
Cooper Bussmann, Inc., for Figures 9-33 and 9-34.
Emerson Network Power, “Emerson’s 2004 Power Seminar Presentations,” for Figures 9-26, 9-27, 9-29, 9-30,
9-31, 9D-2, and 9D-8.
EnerNex Corporation for Figure 8-5.
EPRI Solutions Inc.
EquiTech Corporation for Figures 9-75 and 9F-5.
EYP Mission Critical Facilities, Inc., for Figures 4-1, 4-2, 4-3- 4-4, 4-23, 4-24, 4-25, 4-26, 4-28, 4-29, 4-30,
4-31, 4-34, 4-35, 4-36, 4-37, 4-48- 4-49, 4-50, 4-53, 4-54, and 4-71.
Liebert Corporation for Figures 7-6, 7-7, 7-8, 7-9, 7-10, 7-11, 7-13, 7-16, 7-17, 7-19, 7-20, 7-21, 7-22, 7-24,
7-25, 7-26, 7-27, 7-28, 7-29, 7-30, 7-31, 9-21, 9-22, 9-24, 9H-1, and 9H-2.
D. R. MacGorman, M. W. Maier, and W. D. Rust, “Lightning Strike Density for the Contiguous United States
from Thunderstorm Duration Records,” for Figure 3-3.
A. McEachern, Handbook of Power Signatures, for Figure 4-42.
National Electrical Manufacturers Association for Table 4-1.
Nortel Networks (with clarity edit made by William Bush, SPGS, Inc.) for Figure 9-59.
Protection Technologies, Inc., for Figures 9F-1 and 9F-2.
Rockwell Automation, Inc., for Figures 9-13 and 9-15.
Schneider Electric SA/Square D for Figures 10-1, 10-2, 10-3, 10-4, 10-8, 10-17, 10-18, 10-19, 10-20, and
10-21; Table 10-1.
SEMI (Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International, Inc.), SEMI F47-0200, “Specification for
Semiconductor Processing Equipment Voltage Sag Immunity,” February 2000, for Figure 3-13.
Signals, Power & Grounding Specialists, Inc. (SPGS).
Skyline Marketing Group for Figures 9D-3, 9D-4, 9D-5, and 9D-6.
Ronald B. Standler, Protection of Electronic Circuits from Overvoltages, for Figure 4-14.
The Dranetz Field Handbook for Power Quality Analysis for Figures 2-1, 4-40, 4-41, A-1, A-2, and A-3.
Vaisala Inc. for Figure 3-4.
,IEEE Standards documents are developed within the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating
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NOTE−Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of
subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with
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,Introduction
(This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1100-2005, IEEE Recommended Practice for Powering and Grounding
Electronic Equipment.)
This recommended practice is a publication of the Industry Applications Society (IAS) of the IEEE and is
one of the IEEE Color Books®, which relate to industrial and commercial power systems. The recommended
practices described are intended to enhance equipment performance from an electric powering and
grounding standpoint, while maintaining a safe installation as prescribed by national and local electric code
requirements. The purpose of this recommended practice is to provide consensus recommended practices in
an area where conflicting information and conflicting design philosophies have dominated.
As the proliferation of digital electronic equipment continues to change the way society utilizes and relies on
electric power continuity, the need for standardized practices for power protection and grounding continues
to grow. The requirements of the digital society have essentially outgrown the capabilities of the present day
electric power supply, and the need for practices that promote system compatibility of both the electric
supply and the connected equipment is important from the largest industrial facilities all the way down to
home offices. The concept of system compatibility, which is covered extensively in this book, describes the
mechanisms of interaction and requirements necessary to ensure that not only does the electrical power
equipment connected to its power source operate properly even during moderate power fluctuations, but also
that same equipment does not interfere with other equipment connected to the common power system. The
responsibility for system compatibility is shared among all parties, including the electric suppliers, the
equipment manufacturers, the building designers, the power conditioning equipment manufacturers, and the
facility equipment specifiers, and this document supplies methods to ensure that when a system
compatibility problem is present, there are adequate means of investigating and resolving the concern. It is
also the intent of this document to supply power system design guidelines and recommended practices that
would minimize the potential for a system compatibility concern to occur.
To address the topics detailed in the IEEE Emerald Book™, the IEEE Working Group on Powering and
Grounding Electronic Equipment was originally formed in 1986 to write a recommended practice. The first
IEEE Emerald Book™ was subsequently published in 1992, followed by a revision in 1999. The project was
sponsored by the IAS Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Engineering Subcommittee. This
recommended practice is intended to complement other recommended practices in the IEEE Color Books®
and has been coordinated with other related codes and standards.
Notice to users
Errata
Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http://
standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for
errata periodically.
Interpretations
Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/
index.html.
Copyright © 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved. v
,Patents
Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter
covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or
validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying
patents or patent applications for which a license may be required to implement an IEEE standard or for
conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention.
Participants
The following persons contributed to the revision of IEEE Recommended Practice for Powering and
Grounding Electronic Equipment:
Douglas S. Dorr, Chair
Christopher J. Melhorn, Secretary
Zade Shaw, Kate Langley, Editors
Chapter 1: Overview—Douglas S. Dorr, Chair
Chapter 2: Definitions—Carl E. Becker, Previous Chair
Chapter 3: General needs guidelines—Christopher J. Melhorn, Chair
Chapter 4: Fundamentals—Robert J. Schuerger, Chair
Chapter 5: Instrumentation—Douglas S. Dorr, Previous Chair
Chapter 6: Site surveys and power analysis—Kenneth M. Michaels, Previous Chair
Chapter 7: Specifications and selection of equipment and materials—Thomas M. Gruzs, Chair
Chapter 8: Recommended design and installation practices—Michael Butkiewicz, Previous Chair
Chapter 9: Telecommunications and distributed computing—William Bush, Chair
Chapter 10: Industrial systems—Van E. Wagner, Chair
Chapter 11: Case histories—Mark Waller, Chair
Vladimir F. Basch Nicholas Korbel Melvin Sanders
J. Allen Byrne Don Koval Lynn F. Saunders
David Chau Robert Kretschmann Tom Schaunessy
Jonathan Clough Curtis Leary Michael Simon
Thomas G. Croda J. M. Liptak Sonny Siu
Paul Dobrowski Phillip Lim Douglas C. Smith
Ernest M. Duckworth Jr. Robert Lounsbury Devendra Soni
Addam Fiedl Mike Lowenstein Paul Spain
Joaquin Fuster Carl Miller Mark Stephens
Lawrence Guzy Ralph Morrison Nicholas Tullius
James R. Harvey William J. Moylan S. F. Waterer
Michael C. Keeling Charles Perry III Baskar Vairamohen
Thomas S. Key Bill Petersen Christopher Weathers
William Kimmel Elliott Rappaport George Zeigler
vi Copyright © 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved.
,Since the initial publication, many IEEE standards have added functionality or provided updates to material
included in this recommended practice. The following is a historical list of participants who have dedicated
their valuable time, energy, and knowledge to the creation of this material:
Past Emerald Book Chairs—Thomas S. Key (1992) and Thomas M. Gruzs (1999)
Past Emerald Book Secretaries—Warren H. Lewis, Christopher J. Melhorn, Van E. Wagner
Editors—Bradford Connatser, Nanette Jones, Michael C. Keeling, Kate Langley, François Martzloff,
Zade Shaw
Past Chapter Chairs—Vladimir F. Basch, Carl E. Becker, William Bush, Michael Butkiewicz, Edward
G. Cantwell, Jane M. Clemmensen, Douglas S. Dorr, Thomas M. Gruzs, J. Frederick Kalbach,
Michael C. Keeling, Thomas S. Key, Warren H. Lewis, François Martzloff, Kenneth M. Michaels,
Raymond M. Waggoner, Donald W. Zipse
Former Working Group members and contributors:
Math Bollen Phillip E. Gannon Raymond Nerenberg
James A. Canham David C. Griffith Pat O’Donnell
Wendall Carter Joseph Groesch Steve Pierre
John E. Curlett Joseph J. Humphrey Percy E. Poole
John B. Dagenhart J. Frederick Kalbach Tom Poole
John G. Dalton Kenneth B. Keels Charles D. Potts
Dennis Darling Robert Keis Marek J. Samotyj
Robert J. Deaton Prem Khera Richard E. Singer
Michael J. Demartini Don. O. Koval Murray Slater
William E. Dewitt Emanuel E. Landsman William M. Smith
Thomas W. Dilliberti Ralph H. Lee Anthony W. St. John
Francis J. Fiederlein Alexander McEachern Meil Thorla
Norman Fowler William A. Moncrief Clarence P. Tsung
Jeff Franklin Allen Morinec Timothy D. Unruh
Arthur Freund Eduard Mulhadi David B. Vannoy
David A. Fuhrman Richard L. Nailen John J. Waterman
Hugh O. Nash
The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this recommended practice. Ballot-
ers may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.
David Aho Randall Groves Gary Michel
Jacob Ben Ary Thomas M. Gruzs William A. Moncrief
David Baron Erich Gunther Charles Morse
Thomas Blair George Gurlaskie Abdul Mousa
William Bloethe Larry Guzy William J. Moylan
Stuart Bouchey Ajit Gwal Michael Newman
Kenneth Bow Paul Hamer Rick O'Keefe
Richard Brown Dennis Hansen Gregory Olson
William Brumsickle James R. Harvey Thomas Ortmeyer
Reuben Burch Gilbert Hensley Lorraine Padden
Ted Burse Steven Hensley Gary Peele
William Bush Ajit Hiranandani Elliot Rappaport
Keith Chow Robert Hoerauf Larry Ray
Bryan Cole Edward Horgan Jr. Radhakrishna
Larry Coleman Dennis Horwitz Rebbapragada
Joseph S. Collura Darin Hucul Johannes Rickmann
Tommy Cooper Robert Ingham Michael Roberts
Copyright © 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved. vii
, William Curry David W. Jackson Thomas Rozek
Stephen Dare Joseph Jancauskas Daniel Sabin
R. Daubert Mark Kempker Bob Saint
Andrew Dettloff Yuri Khersonsky Melvin Sanders
Gary Di Troia Joseph L. Koepfinger Steven Sano
Doug Dorr Don Koval Robert Schuerger
Neal Dowling Edwin Kramer H. Jin Sim
Mark Drabkin Jason Lin Michael Simon
Donald Dunn Al Maguire David Singleton
Gary Engmann William Majeski Devendra Soni
Clifford C. Erven Keith Malmedal Timothy Unruh
Dan Evans Jesus Martinez Raul Velazquez
Jay Fischer Stephen McCluer Hemant Vora
Van Wagner
Rabiz Foda William McCoy
Daniel Ward
Carl Fredericks Mark McGranaghan
Steven Whisenant
James Funke Nigel McQuin James Wikston
Edgar Galyon Chris Melhorn James Wilson
William Goldbach Bryan Melville Ahmed Zobaa
Manuel Gonzalez James Michalec
The final conditions for approval of this standard were met on 9 December 2005. This standard was condi-
tionally approved by the IEEE-SA Standards Board on 22 September 2005, with the following membership:
Steve M. Mills, Chair
Richard H. Hulett, Vice Chair
Don Wright, Past Chair
Judith Gorman, Secretary
Mark D. Bowman Raymond Hapeman Glenn Parsons
Dennis B. Brophy William B. Hopf Ronald C. Petersen
Joseph Bruder Lowell G. Johnson Gary S. Robinson
Richard Cox Herman Koch Frank Stone
Bob Davis Joseph L. Koepfinger* Malcolm V. Thaden
Julian Forster* David J. Law Richard L. Townsend
Joanna N. Guenin Daleep C. Mohla Joe D. Watson
Mark S. Halpin Paul Nikolich Howard L. Wolfman
T. W. Olsen
*Member Emeritus
Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons:
Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative
Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative
Alan H. Cookson, NIST Representative
Don Messina
IEEE Standards Project Editor
viii Copyright © 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved.
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