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Chemistry
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Summary of 88 pages for the course Chemistry at 12th Grade (Chemistry modules)
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Dear Students,If you are aspiring for a distinguished career in Medical field, you can’t do anything
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2 TAKSHILA INSTITUTE
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, MEDICAL MODULE - 1
CHEMISTRY – CLASS XI
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
STOICHIOMETRY - 1 & 2
CONTENTS
Topics Particulars Page No.
Chapter 1. Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry : Stoichiometry-1 ........... 4-52
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 4
2. Classification of universe ................................................................................................ 4
3. Some Commonly Used Prefixes with the Base Units ....................................................... 6
4. Laws of Chemical Combination ....................................................................................... 7
5. Mole Concept .................................................................................................................. 10
6. Methods to Determine Number of Moles ........................................................................ 10
7. Average Atomic Mass, Average Molecular Mass, Vapour density .......................................... 11
8. Concentration Terms and their Measurement .............................................................. 12
9. Equivalent Weight .......................................................................................................... 15
10. n-Factor and Principle of Equivalence ............................................................................ 17
11. Methods to Determine Atomic Mass .............................................................................. 19
12. Gravimetric Analysis ..................................................................................................... 21
13. POAC (Principle of Atom Conservation) .......................................................................... 24
14. The Limiting Reagent .................................................................................................... 25
15. Empirical and Molecular Formulae ................................................................................ 27
16. Sequential Reaction, Parallel Reaction, Percentage Yield ............................................. 29
17. Some Important Reaction .............................................................................................. 31
18. Unsolved Exercise .......................................................................................................... 36
19. Answers ......................................................................................................................... 51
Chapter 2. Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry : Stoichiometry-2 ....... 53 - 88
1. Oxidation Number & Balancing of the Redox Reaction ................................................... 53
2. Oxidation Number or Oxidation State ............................................................................ 53
3. Common Oxidising and Redusing Agents ....................................................................... 56
4. n-Factor for Redox Reactions .......................................................................................... 57
5. Balancing of Redox Reactions ......................................................................................... 57
6. n-Factor Calculations of the The Various Reaction ....................................................... 61
7. Simple Titrations ........................................................................................................... 66
8. Double Titrations ........................................................................................................... 70
9. Percentage of Available Chlorine in Bleaching Powder Sample .................................... 73
10. Precentage of Free SO3 in Oleum (H2S2O7) .................................................................... 75
11. Volume Strength of H2O2 ................................................................................................ 76
12. Unsolved Exercise .......................................................................................................... 78
13. Answers ......................................................................................................................... 88
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, CHAPTER SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
1 STOICHIOMETRY-1
1. INTRODUCTION
Chemistry deals with the composition, structure and properties of matter. These aspects can be best de
scribed and understood in terms of basic constituents of matter: atoms and molecules. That is why chemistry
is called the science of atoms and molecules. Can we see, weigh and perceive these entities? Is it possible
to count the number of atoms and molecules in a given mass of matter and have a quantitative relationship
between the mass and number of these particles (atoms and molecules)? We will like to answer some of
these questions in this Unit. We would further describe how physical properties of matter can be quantita
tively described using numerical values with suitable units.
definite shape definite volume but no definite
& volume no definite shape shape & volume
fixed ratio of masses
of constituents
same composition throughout composition is
& component are indistinguishable. not uniform.
eg. gases, liquid solution, alloys, eg. sand & water,
atmospheric air nearly homogeneous
Consists of only one Made of two or more
type at atoms atoms of different elements
2. CLASSIFICATION OF UNIVERSE
Universe is classified into two types, matter and energy.
(A)MATTER : The thing which occupy space and having mass which can be felt by our five senses is called matter.
Matter is further classified into two categories :
(i) Physical classification (ii) Chemical classification
PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION
It is based on physical state under ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure, so on the basis of two
nature of forces matter can be classified into the following three ways :
(a) Solid (b) Liquid (c) Gas
(a)Solid : A substance is said to be solid if it possesses a definite volume and a definite shape.
e.g. sugar, iron, gold, wood etc.
(b)Liquid : A substance is said to be liquid if it possesses a definite volume but not definite shape. They
take up the shape of the vessel in which they are put.
e.g. water, milk, oil, mercury, alcohol etc.
4 TAKSHILA INSTITUTE
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