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samenvatting neurowetenschappen, deel fysio 2de bach
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samenvatting powerpoint en eigen notities neurowetenschappen deel neuro-fysio (prof. Patrick Calders)
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Visus ............................................................................................................................................ 41. zintuigen ........................................................................................................................... 4
2. het oog ............................................................................................................................. 4
2.1. myopie & hypermetropie .................................................................................................. 5
2.2. grootte v beeld op retina & gezichtsscherpte.................................................................... 6
2.3. oog als scanner .................................................................................................................. 6
2.4. Pupil ................................................................................................................................... 6
2.5. Binoculair zicht, stereopsis & afstand inschatten .............................................................. 6
2.6. Retina ................................................................................................................................. 6
2.6.1. Kegeltjes/staafjes ...................................................................................................... 6
2.6.2. reflexen uitgelokt door prikkeling v retina ................................................................ 7
2.7. Contrastboord (vormen) .................................................................................................... 7
2.8. Receptormechanisme ........................................................................................................ 7
2.9. Ganglioncellen: .................................................................................................................. 7
2.10. visuele cortex ..................................................................................................................... 8
2.11. projecties ........................................................................................................................... 8
2.12. Stoornissen vh gezichtsveld ............................................................................................... 9
3. orbita ................................................................................................................................ 9
4. Optica ............................................................................................................................... 9
5. magnocellulair/parvocellulair .......................................................................................... 10
6. Oogspieren ..................................................................................................................... 10
6.1. ERG= elektroretinogram .................................................................................................. 10
Auditief ...................................................................................................................................... 10
1. Het oor ........................................................................................................................... 11
1.1. Membraan van Reissner .................................................................................................. 11
1.1.1. Bewegingen schutblad & basale membraan .......................................................... 12
1.2. Geluidsperceptie .............................................................................................................. 12
1.3. Perceptie v: ...................................................................................................................... 12
1.3.1. verschillende toonhoogten .......................................................................................... 12
1.3.2. Verschillende geluidsintensiteiten ............................................................................... 12
1.4. Toonhoogte & timbre....................................................................................................... 13
1.5. Zenuwenbanen & auditieve cortex.................................................................................. 13
Olfactoir- gustatief...................................................................................................................... 14
1. Reukzin ........................................................................................................................... 14
2. smaakzin ......................................................................................................................... 14
Sensibiliteit ................................................................................................................................ 15
1. Somatische sensibileit ..................................................................................................... 15
1.1. Oppvervlakkige ................................................................................................................ 15
1
, 1.1.1. lichaampje van Pacini .................................................................................................. 15
1.1.2. lichaampje van Ruffini ................................................................................................. 15
1.1.3. lichaampje van Meissner ............................................................................................. 16
1.1.4. lichaampje van Merkel ................................................................................................ 16
1.1.5. vrije zenuwuiteinden ................................................................................................... 16
1.2. diepe ................................................................................................................................ 16
2. viscerale sensibiliteit ....................................................................................................... 16
3. classificatie zenuwvezels .................................................................................................. 16
4. Pijn ................................................................................................................................. 17
4.1. Diepe pijn: ........................................................................................................................ 17
4.1.1. In spieren & gewrichten .......................................................................................... 17
4.1.2. In ingewanden ......................................................................................................... 17
4.2. gerefereerde pijn ............................................................................................................. 17
5. sensibele cortex .............................................................................................................. 17
Pijn ............................................................................................................................................ 18
R.A.S .......................................................................................................................................... 18
1. sensibiliteit ..................................................................................................................... 19
1.1. EEG ................................................................................................................................... 19
RM-reflex ................................................................................................................................... 20
1. Controle vd houding & beweging ..................................................................................... 20
1.1. Motorische functie vh ruggemerg ................................................................................... 20
1.1.1. Directe motoneuronen ............................................................................................ 20
1.1.2. indirecte motoneuronen.......................................................................................... 21
1.1.3. Inhiberende motoneuronen .................................................................................... 21
1.2. alfa-neuronen .................................................................................................................. 22
2. spinale reflex................................................................................................................... 22
2.1. spierspoel......................................................................................................................... 22
3. uitrekkingsreflex ............................................................................................................. 22
4. Pees-orgaanreflex ............................................................................................................ 23
5. Terugtrekkingsreflex ........................................................................................................ 23
6. Jendrassik maneuver ....................................................................................................... 23
formatio reticularis-vestibularis .................................................................................................. 23
1. Hersenstam ..................................................................................................................... 23
1.1. Formatio reticularis.......................................................................................................... 24
1.2. Nucleus ruber .................................................................................................................. 24
2. Behouden v evenwicht .................................................................................................... 24
2.1. Macula ............................................................................................................................. 25
2.2. Cristae .............................................................................................................................. 25
2
, 3. vestibulo-oculaire reflex (VOR)......................................................................................... 25
4. Vestibulo-spinale reflex (VSR) .......................................................................................... 26
Basale ganglia ............................................................................................................................ 26
1. Functie ............................................................................................................................ 27
2. skills................................................................................................................................ 27
3. Pathologie ....................................................................................................................... 27
Cerebellum ................................................................................................................................ 28
1. Indeling die vaker voorkomt ............................................................................................ 28
2. Functies .......................................................................................................................... 29
3. neocerebellum ................................................................................................................ 29
4. Cerebellair syndroom ...................................................................................................... 30
Motorische cortex ...................................................................................................................... 30
1. Primaire motorische cortex .............................................................................................. 30
1.1. Functie primaire cortex.................................................................................................... 30
2. Secundaire motorische cortex .......................................................................................... 30
2.1. Postrolandische zone ....................................................................................................... 31
2.2. Premotorische cortex ...................................................................................................... 31
2.2.1. pathologie ............................................................................................................... 31
2.3. Supplementaire motorische cortex ................................................................................. 32
3
, Visus
1. zintuigen
organen waarmee prikkels vanuit omgeving, oppervlakte, diepte v ons lichaam worden
opgevangen zodat wij ons v die waarneming bewust worden
• 5 zintuigen:
- Speciale zintuigen:
➢ Gezichtsvermogen
➢ Gehoor
➢ Reukzin
➢ Smaakzin
- Tastzin → sensibiliteit:
➢ Gewaarwording v tast, pijn, temperatuur (huid)
➢ Talrijke pijnprikkels, stand & beweging v gewricht
• Receptor geeft info door via verschillende stappen naar
relaiskern
Daar gebeuren reflexen
• Thalamus is betrokken in alle mogelijke sensorisch &
motorische sensoren
Verschillende kernen
Nr hersenschors: verschillende zones
- Primaire cortex: bewuste waarneming
- Secundaire cortex: alles ontvangen maar nog leren
begrijpen
2. het oog
Oog= van ectodermale oorsprong
Gekoppeld aan ZS
Receptor die ontstaat vanuit neurale buis
Van achter nr voor:
• N. opticus= oogzenuw → info wegleid nr CZS (hersnen)
• 3 lagen:
- Sclera: brede witte laag
→ Collageen bindweefsel
- Choroidea: donkere laag
→ Tussenlaag
→ Vaatvlies
→ Zone vol bloedvaten
→ Gemakkelijk aangetast bij patiënten met diabetes/inflammatore aandoeningen/
ouderen
- Retina: grijze laag
→ Bevat geen bloedvaten
→ 2 delen:
➢ met receptoren: vangen lichtstomen op & geven informatie door
staafjes & kegeltjes => fotoreceptoren (belangrijkste)
fotoreceptoren zitten ingebed in pigmentcellen
allemaal op 3,4 µm v elkaar
➢ waar oogzenuw vertrekt: geen retina= blinde vlek
geen receptoren
4
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