19th Edition
Foundations of P hysical
E ducation, E xercise
Science , and Sport
Jennifer L. Walton-Fisette
Kent State University
Deborah A. Wuest
Ithaca College
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, FOUNDATIONS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, EXERCISE SCIENCE, AND SPORT,
NINETEENTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2018 by
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, Brief
Contents
P a r t
I P a r t
III
Nature and Scope of Physical Careers and Professional
Education, Exercise Science, Considerations 353
and Sport 1
11 Career and Professional Development 354
1 Meaning and Scope 2 12 Teaching and Coaching Careers 386
2 Philosophy, Goals, and Objectives 28 13 Fitness- and Health-Related Careers 421
3 Health and Physical Activity in Our 14 Sport Careers 447
Society 60
P a r t
II
P a r t
IV
Future Professionals as Leaders
Foundations of Physical Education, and Advocates 473
Exercise Science, and Sport 95
15 Future Professionals as Leaders and
4 Historical Foundations 96 Advocates 474
5 Motor Behavior 136
6 Biomechanical Foundations 172
7 Exercise Physiology and Fitness 207
8 Sociological Foundations 251
9 Sport and Exercise Psychology 281
10 Physical Education Pedagogy 317
iii
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, Contents
Preface x C hapter 2
Philosophy, Goals, and Objectives 28
P a r t
I Philosophy 29
Nature and Scope of Physical Education, What Is Philosophy? 29
Exercise Science, and Sport 1 Branches of Philosophy 30
Major Philosophies 30
C hapter 1 Modern Educational Philosophy 34
The Mind-Body Relationship 34
Meaning and Scope 2 Philosophy of Sport and Physical
Contemporary Physical Education, Exercise Activity 35
Science, and Sport Programs 4 Your Professional Philosophy 36
Physical Education, Exercise Science, Goals and Objectives Defined 38
and Sport Defined 7 Goals of Physical Education, Exercise
Physical Education, Exercise Science, Science, and Sport 40
and Sport 10 Learning in the Three Domains 41
Allied Fields 18 Taxonomies 41
Health 19 Cognitive Domain 42
Recreation and Leisure 19 Affective Domain 45
Dance 19 Psychomotor Domain 48
Growing as a Professional in Physical Assessment of Learning 53
Education, Exercise Science, and Sport 20 Assessment Defined 53
Reading Research 21 Purposes of Assessment 53
Staying Up to Date with Technology 22 The Role of Technology in Assessment 56
Summary 25 Summary 57
Discussion Questions 26 Discussion Questions 58
Self-Assessment Activities 26 Self-Assessment Activities 59
References 27 References 59
iv
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, Contents v
C hapter 3 Physical Education and Sport
in the United States 103
Health and Physical Activity in Colonial Period (1607–1783) 103
Our Society 60 National Period (1784–1861) 105
Changing Demographics 60 Civil War Period through 1900 106
Cultural Competence and Humility 63 Early Twentieth Century 112
Wellness Movement 65 World War I (1916–1919) 113
Wellness and Health 66 Golden Twenties (1920–1929) 113
Epidemiologic Shift 67 Depression Years (1930–1939) 115
Chronic Disease in the United States 67 Mid-Twentieth Century
Health Goals of the Nation 68 (1940–1970) 117
Implications of the Wellness Significant Recent Developments
Movement 76 (1970–Present) 119
Fitness and Physical The Discipline 119
Activity Movement 77 Disease Prevention and Health
Fitness and Physical Activity Promotion 120
of Children and Youth 79 School Physical Education 121
Fitness and Physical Activity of Adults 84 Physical Fitness and Participation
Implications of the Fitness and in Physical Activity 122
Physical Activity Movement 86 The Growth of Sports 123
Girls and Women in Sports 124
Summary 90
Programs for Individuals with
Discussion Questions 90 Disabilities 126
Olympics 130
Self-Assessment Activities 91
Summary 132
References 92
Discussion Questions 133
Self-Assessment Activities 133
P a r t
II References 134
Foundations of Physical Education,
Exercise Science, and Sport 95
C hapter 5
C hapter 4
Motor Behavior 136
Historical Foundations 96 Motor Behavior 136
Sport History 97 Motor Learning and Motor Control 137
Definition and Scope 97 Definition and Scope 137
Historical Development 97 Historical Development 139
Areas of Study 98 Areas of Study 139
Ancient Greece and Rome 99 Motor Learning Models 140
Early Modern European Programs 100 Performance Characteristics and Skill
Germany 100 Learning 143
Sweden 101 Stages of Learning 144
Denmark 102 Factors Influencing Learning 146
Great Britain 102 Motor Learning Concepts 149
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, vi Contents
Motor Development 156 C hapter 7
Definition and Scope 156
Historical Development 156 Exercise Physiology and Fitness 207
Areas of Study 157 Exercise Physiology:
Phases of Motor Development 157 An Overview 208
Selected Fundamental Motor Skills 160 Definition 208
Development of Fundamental Motor Areas of Study 208
Skills 164 Physical Fitness 210
Physical Activity, Physical Fitness,
Summary 169
and Health 211
Discussion Questions 169 Fitness Development 215
Energy Production for Physical
Self-Assessment Activities 170
Activity 215
References 170 Principles of Fitness Training 216
FITT Formula 218
Health Fitness Components 219
C hapter 6 Cardiorespiratory Endurance 220
Body Composition 225
Biomechanical Foundations 172
Muscular Strength and Endurance 229
Kinesiology and Biomechanics 173 Flexibility 233
Definition and Scope 174 Designing an Exercise Program 236
Growth of Biomechanics 174 Special Considerations for Fitness 238
Reasons for Studying Environmental Conditions and
Biomechanics 176 Fitness 238
Major Areas of Study 181 Nutrition and Fitness 239
Selected Biomechanical Terms Related to Performance-Enhancing Drugs 240
Human Motion 182
Mechanical Principles and Concepts Related Summary 247
to Movement 184 Discussion Questions 248
Stability 185
Motion 186 Self-Assessment Activities 248
Leverage 188 References 249
Force 188
Biomechanical Analysis 191
Instruments and C hapter 8
Techniques 192
Analysis 196 Sociological Foundations 251
The Future 201 Sociology of Sport 252
Definition and Scope 252
Summary 203
Areas of Study 253
Discussion Questions 204 Sport: A Definition 253
Sport and Organized Sport Activities 254
Self-Assessment Activities 204
Conditions 254
References 205 Participation Motives 255
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, Contents vii
Sport in Educational Institutions 255 Enhancing Performance through
Interscholastic Sport 257 Self-Talk 305
Intercollegiate Sport 259 Nature of Self-Talk 305
Girls and Women in Sport 264 Types of Self-Talk 306
Minorities in Sport 267 Application of Self-Talk 306
Sport for Children and Youth 271 Modifying Self-Talk 306
Violence in Sport 274 Mental Imagery to Enhance
Performance-Enhancing Substances in Performance 308
Sport 275 Nature of Imagery 308
Uses of Imagery 309
Summary 278
Intervention Strategies 311
Discussion Questions 278
Summary 313
Self-Assessment Activities 279
Discussion Questions 313
References 279
Self-Assessment Activities 314
References 314
C hapter 9
C hapter 10
Sport and Exercise Psychology 281
Sport and Exercise Psychology 282 Physical Education Pedagogy 317
Definition and Scope 282 Physical Education Pedagogy: An
Areas of Study 282 Overview 318
Psychological Benefits Definition and Scope 318
of Physical Activity 284 Areas of Study 319
Motivation 286 Standards-Based Education 320
Exercise Adherence 288 Curriculum Development 322
Understanding Behavior Change 288 Curriculum Models 326
Promoting Adherence 292 Skill Themes 326
Personality 294 Personal and Social
Nature of Personality 294 Responsibility 326
Personality and Sport 294 Teaching Games for
Anxiety and Arousal 297 Understanding/Tactical Games
Nature of Anxiety and Arousal 297 Model 329
Arousal, Stress, and Anxiety 298 Sport Education 329
Why Does Arousal Influence Fitness Education 331
Performance? 299 Adventure Education 332
Anxiety, Arousal, and Performance 299 Outdoor Education 332
Goal Setting 301 Cultural Studies 333
Types of Goals 301 Assessment and Accountability 333
How Goal Setting Works 302 Types of Assessment 334
Principles of Effective Goal Characteristics of Effective
Setting 302 Teaching 337
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, viii Contents
Student Perspectives 341 Summary 382
Differences and Diversity in Physical
Discussion Questions 383
Education 341
(Dis)ability 343 Self-Assessment Activities 384
Gender 344
References 384
Body Issues 345
Race, Class, and Sexuality 346
Summary 348
C hapter 12
Discussion Questions 349
Teaching and Coaching Careers 386
Self-Assessment Activities 350 The Teaching Profession 387
References 350 Why Teach? 387
Rewards, Benefits, and Challenges
of Teaching 388
Competencies for Teachers 390
P a r t
III Contemporary Physical Education and
Careers and Professional Physical Activity Initiatives 391
Considerations 353 Quality Physical Education 391
Comprehensive School Physical
C hapter 11 Activity Program 394
Teaching Responsibilities 395
Career and Professional Development 354 Teaching Careers 396
Careers in Physical Education, Exercise Teaching in the School
Science, and Sport 355 Setting 396
Choosing a Career 358 Teaching in Nonschool
Maximizing Professional Settings 403
Preparation 360 Teaching Certification 406
Attaining a Professional Position 368 Coaching Careers 406
Professionalism 373 Why Coach? 407
Leadership 373 Rewards, Benefits, and Challenges
Advocacy 375 of Coaching 408
Accountability 375 Teaching and Coaching 409
Cultural Competency and Cultural Coaching Responsibilities 410
Humility 375 Securing a Coaching Position 411
Ethics 376 Coaching Education and
Role Modeling 376 Certification 412
Involvement and Continued Professional Burnout 414
Development 377 Increasing Your Professional
Service 378 Marketability 415
Professional Organizations in Physical
Summary 418
Education, Exercise Science, and
Sport 378 Discussion Questions 419
Why Belong to a Professional
Self-Assessment Activities 419
Organization? 378
Professional Organizations 379 References 420
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, Contents ix
C hapter 13 Careers in Sport Media 458
Fitness- and Health-Related Careers 421 Sport Broadcasting 458
Sportswriting and Journalism 460
Fitness- and Exercise-Related Careers 422 Sport Photography 461
Worksite Wellness Programs 424 Sports Information 461
Commercial and Community Web Development/Social Media 462
Fitness Programs 426 Performance and Other
Personal Trainers 428 Sport Careers 463
Health and Wellness Coaches 429 Dance 463
Strength and Conditioning Professional Athletics 464
Professionals 430 Officiating 465
Rehabilitation Programs 431 Sport Law and Agency 465
Career Preparation 431 Entrepreneurship 466
Health-Related Careers 435 Increasing Your Professional
Athletic Training 435 Marketability 468
Health and Weight Management
Clubs and Spas 437 Summary 469
Therapy-Related Careers 439 Discussion Questions 469
Dance/Movement Therapy 439
Self-Assessment Activities 470
Therapeutic Recreation/Recreation
Therapy 440 References 470
Kinesiotherapy 440
Physical Therapy 440
Chiropractic Care 441
P a r t
IV
Increasing Your Professional Future Professionals as Leaders
Marketability 442 and Advocates 473
Summary 444
C hapter 15
Discussion Questions 445
Future Professionals as Leaders and
Self-Assessment Activities 445 Advocates 474
References 446 Leadership in Physical Activity 474
Leadership in Physical Education and
Youth Sport 476
C hapter 14 Advocacy 477
Sport Careers 447 Current and Future Trends 480
Sport Management 449 Summary 482
Careers in Sport Management 451 Discussion Questions 482
Athletic Administration 451
Collegiate Recreation 453 Self-Assessment Activities 482
Corporate Recreation 454 References 483
Sport Facilities Management 454
Sport Retailing 456 I ndex I-1
Career Opportunities in Professional and
Sport Organizations 457
Sport Analytics 457
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, Preface
W as physical education or anatomy and
physiology one of your favorite classes?
Were you a high school athlete or did you play a
O rganization
The 15 chapters of this book are organized into
club sport? Are you interested in fitness, physical 4 parts. Part I provides students with an orientation
activity, and sport? Most importantly, are you con- to the field of kinesiology along with the field’s
sidering a career in a human movement field such disciplines. Chapter 1 focuses on the meaning
as a physical education teacher, exercise science and scope of contemporary physical education,
specialist, personal trainer, or sport administrator? exercise science, and sport. Emphasis is placed
Then this text is for you! Come join us on this edu- on understanding the scope of the disciplines
cational journey to learn about physical activity, and committing to professional development. In
physical education, and sport. We will provide you Chapter 2, students are introduced to the phi-
with the most up-to-date information while recog- losophy, goals, and objectives of physical educa-
nizing that the dynamic field of kinesiology and tion, exercise science, and sport. The last chapter
its disciplines are ever changing in this fast-paced, in this part, Chapter 3, discusses the health and
technology-driven society in which we live. physical activity levels in our society, particu-
We challenge students from the beginning of larly in relation to the changing demographics,
their careers to commit to ongoing development wellness movement, and fitness and physical
and growth as professionals in their disciplines. activity movement.
Students are encouraged to be advocates for physi- In Part II, the historical foundations of the
cal activity and quality physical education, to value field and an overview of some of the disciplines
diversity and appreciate its many forms, and to are presented. The historical foundations are cov-
work toward making opportunities to participate ered in Chapter 4, including our heritage from
in physical activity available to all people through- other countries and the significant influences
out their lifespan. We hope that, as young leaders, on the growth of the field in the United States.
they will work collaboratively with other dedicated In Chapter 5, an overview of motor behavior is
professionals to address the issues facing us, the provided. Chapter 6, biomechanics, is written by
challenges ahead, and the realization of physical Dr. Deborah King, Ithaca College. Chapter 7 with
education, exercise science, and sport’s potential to its focus on exercise physiology and fitness follows.
positively contribute to the lives of all people. In Chapter 8, an overview of sport sociology is
x
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