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Samenvatting Fundamentele Rechten en Vrijheden
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Samenvatting Fundamenele rechten en vrijheden: lesnotities verwerking van arrestenbundel
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Samenvatting Fundamentele rechten en vrijhedenInhoudsopgave
1. Concept mensensrechten...................................................................................................................6
1.1. Terminologie................................................................................................................................6
1.2. Grondslagen van mensenrechten................................................................................................7
1.3. Historisch perspectief..................................................................................................................9
1.4. Universaliteit.............................................................................................................................10
1.5. Hiërarchie..................................................................................................................................11
2. Universele bescherming – regionale bescherming buiten Europa....................................................11
2.1. Verenigde Naties.......................................................................................................................11
2.1.2. VN- Mensenrechtenverdragen (Treaty-based)...................................................................12
2.1.3. Charter-based: politiek.......................................................................................................14
2.2. Regionale bescherming: Afrika..................................................................................................16
2.2.1. Verdragen...........................................................................................................................16
2.2.2. Mechanismen.....................................................................................................................16
2.3. Regionale bescherming: Amerika’s............................................................................................16
2.3.1. Verdragen...........................................................................................................................16
2.3.2. Mechanismen.....................................................................................................................16
2.4. Azië............................................................................................................................................16
3. Regionale bescherming: Europa.......................................................................................................17
3.1. 2 europa’s..................................................................................................................................17
3.1.1. Raad v Europa.....................................................................................................................17
3.1.2. De europese unie................................................................................................................18
3.1.3. Verhouding tss RvE en EU...................................................................................................20
3.2. Raad v Europa............................................................................................................................21
3.2.1. EHRM..................................................................................................................................21
3.2.2. Europees Sociaal comité (ESC)............................................................................................28
3.3. EU..............................................................................................................................................29
3.3.1. Politieke handhaving...........................................................................................................29
3.3.2. Rechterlijke handhaving.....................................................................................................30
4. Doorwerking in de BE rechtsorde.....................................................................................................31
4.1. Verhouding tss rechtsordes: doorwerking internationaal verdragsrecht in BE..........................31
4.1.1. Directe werking v verdragen – primauteit..........................................................................31
4.1.2. Objectief contentieux.........................................................................................................32
4.1.3. Nationale grondrechten vs EVRM/Handvest EU.................................................................32
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, 4.1.4. Nationale wet in uitvoering v EU-recht tav EVRM..............................................................33
4.2. Mensenrechtenbescherming in BE............................................................................................33
4.2.1. Preventieve controle...........................................................................................................33
4.2.2. A posteriori rechterlijke controle........................................................................................34
4.3. Uitvoering van een arrest EHRM in BE.......................................................................................34
4.3.1. Gezag arresten EHRM.........................................................................................................35
4.3.2. Art 46 EVRM: uitvoering.....................................................................................................35
4.3.3. Heropening strafproces in BE.............................................................................................36
4.4. Effectief rechtshersel.................................................................................................................36
5. Verdragsverplichtingen + art 2 EVRM (toepassingsgebied)..............................................................37
5.1. Mensrehctenverdragen interpreteren.......................................................................................37
5.2. Typologie v verplichtingen.........................................................................................................38
5.2.1. VN Verdragen.....................................................................................................................38
5.3. Negatiever verplichting (obligation to respect).........................................................................38
5.3.1. Principe...............................................................................................................................38
5.3.2. Relatieve rechten; voorwaarden inmenging.......................................................................38
5.4. Positieve verplichtingen (obligation to protect and to fulfill)....................................................40
5.4.1. Principe...............................................................................................................................40
5.4.2. Onderscheid aboslute/relatieve rechten relevant?............................................................40
6. Recht op leven..................................................................................................................................40
6.1. Absoluut recht...........................................................................................................................40
6.2. Toepassingsgebied (pro memorie)............................................................................................41
6.3. Reikwijdte v bescherming..........................................................................................................43
6.3.1. Negatieve verplichting........................................................................................................43
6.3.2. Positieve verplichtingen......................................................................................................47
6.3.3. Toepassingen......................................................................................................................49
7. Verbod foltering, onmenselijke of vernederende behandeling of bestraffing..................................52
7.1. Absoluut recht...........................................................................................................................52
7.2. Toepassingsgebied.....................................................................................................................52
7.3. Classificatie................................................................................................................................53
7.4. Verplichtingen...........................................................................................................................53
7.5. Attibutie – bewijslevering..........................................................................................................55
7.5.1. Toepassing: politieoptreden...............................................................................................55
7.5.2. Lijfstraffen kinderen............................................................................................................57
7.5.3. Toepassing: detentie...........................................................................................................58
7.5.4. Toepassing: Intrafamiliaal geweld tegen vrouwen.............................................................59
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, 7.5.5. Toepassing: verwijdering vreemdelingen...........................................................................60
7.5.6. Voorbereiding oefeningen..................................................................................................61
8. Recht op eerlijk proces.....................................................................................................................62
8.1. Toepassingsgebied.....................................................................................................................62
8.1.1. Recht op een eerlijk proces.................................................................................................62
8.2. Structuur....................................................................................................................................67
8.2.1. Algemene waarborgen (§2)................................................................................................67
8.2.2. Vermoeden v onschuld (§2): Strafproces............................................................................70
8.2.3. Minimumrechten (§3): strafproces.....................................................................................70
8.2.4. Afwijking: noodtoestand.....................................................................................................77
9. Recht op eerbiediging van het privé-en gezinsleven........................................................................78
9.1. Recht op eerbiediging van het privéleven.................................................................................78
9.1.1. Toepassingsgebied..............................................................................................................78
9.1.2. Negatieve verplichtingen....................................................................................................80
9.1.3. Positieve verplichtingen......................................................................................................85
9.2. Recht op eerbiediging van het gezinsleven................................................................................92
9.2.1. Toepassingsgebied..............................................................................................................92
9.2.2. Negatieve verplichtingen....................................................................................................92
9.2.3. Positieve verplichtingen......................................................................................................95
10. Vrijheid van vereniging en vergadering..........................................................................................96
10.1. Toepassingsgebied: art 11 EVRM.............................................................................................96
10.1.1. Enkel privaatrechtelijke organisaties................................................................................96
10.1.2. ook politieke partijen – vakbonden..................................................................................97
10.2. Vrijheid van vergadering en vereniging...................................................................................97
10.2.1. Vrijheid van vergadering...................................................................................................97
10.2.2. Vrijheid van vereniging.....................................................................................................97
10.2.3. Toepassingen....................................................................................................................98
10.3. Vakbondsvrijheid...................................................................................................................100
10.4. Recht op staken: erkend recht?.............................................................................................101
10.4.1. Negatieve verplichtingen................................................................................................101
10.4.2. positieve verplichtingen..................................................................................................103
11. Sociaal-economische grondrechten..............................................................................................104
11.1. Vooraf....................................................................................................................................104
11.1.1. Wat?...............................................................................................................................104
11.1.2. Bronnen..........................................................................................................................105
11.1.3. Beperkingen....................................................................................................................106
3
, 11.1.4. Crisis?..............................................................................................................................107
11.2. Klassieke tweedeling..............................................................................................................108
11.3. Alternatieve strekking............................................................................................................108
11.4. Geïntegreerde benadering.....................................................................................................108
11.5. Inhoudelijke verduidelijking ESC rechten...............................................................................109
11.5.1. Typologie van verplichtingen..........................................................................................110
11.5.2. Geleidelijke verwenzenlijking.........................................................................................110
11.5.3. Kernverplichting..............................................................................................................114
12. Recht op gezondheid....................................................................................................................115
12.1. Definitie.................................................................................................................................115
12.2. Bronnen.................................................................................................................................115
12.3. Toepassingsgebied.................................................................................................................116
12.4. Verplichtingen.......................................................................................................................118
12.4.1. Typologie van verplichtingen..........................................................................................118
12.4.2. Geleideijke verwezenlijking............................................................................................118
12.4.3. Kernverplichtingen..........................................................................................................121
12.5. Toepassing: EHRM, Dubska en Krejzova t. Tsjechische repubiek...........................................122
13. Recht op huisvesting.....................................................................................................................124
13.1. Bronnen.................................................................................................................................124
13.2. Reikwijdte – betekenis (ECOSOC-Verdrag)............................................................................124
13.3. Negatieve verplichting...........................................................................................................125
13.3.1. Huurregulering................................................................................................................125
13.3.2. Gedwongen uitzettingen.................................................................................................126
13.3.3. Plichten individu.............................................................................................................126
13.4. Positieve verplichtingen........................................................................................................128
13.4.1. EHRM..............................................................................................................................128
13.4.2. ECSR................................................................................................................................129
14. Recht op onderwijs.......................................................................................................................131
14.1. Bronnen.................................................................................................................................131
14.2. Aard van het recht/toepassingsgebied..................................................................................132
14.3. Dimensies..............................................................................................................................132
14.4. Kernverplichtingen.................................................................................................................133
14.5. Toepassing: filosofische vrijheid van ouders..........................................................................133
14.6. Positieve verplichtingen: beschikbaarheid en toegankelijkheid............................................139
14.6.1. Kosteloos (lager) onderwijs.............................................................................................139
14.6.2. Positieve verplichting en discriminatie...........................................................................140
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