PEDS FINAL SLOs | Q&A| FINAL EXAM REVIEW
1. interventions for hypercyanotic spells: - calm the infant & minimize stimuli
- place infant in knee-chest position
- call HCP
2. the most common congenital heart disease: ventricular septal defect (VSD)
3. What is VSD (ventricular septal defect)?:
1.interventions for hypercyanotic spells: - calm the infant & minimize stimuli
- place infant in knee-chest position
- call HCP
- admin 100% oxygen (as prescribed)
- admin morphine sulfate (as prescribed)
- admin IV fluids (as prescribed)
- document the occurrence, actions taken, & infant response
2.the most common congenital heart disease: ventricular septal defect (VSD)
3.What is VSD (ventricular septal defect)?: - An opening in the septum between the
ventricles allows blood to shunt between the left and right ventricles
- Increased pulmonary blood flow
4.VSD clinical manifestations: Thin, small infant, loud/harsh murmur, palpable thrill,
liver/heart/spleen, enlargement, feeding difficulties, diaphoresis
5.VSD therapeutic management: Many close spontaneously during the first year of life.
Surgical correction, pacemaker, surgical closure of defect, digoxin, prophy- lactic
antibiotics
6.Types of acyanotic defects: VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT (VSD), ATRIAL
SEPTAL DEFECT (ASD), PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS (PDA), COARCTATION
OF THE AORTA (COA), AORTIC STENOSIS
7.acyanotic defects clinical manifestations: - Pink baby with normal oxygen
saturations. May have oxygen desaturations with exertion
- May be asymptomatic, Symptoms may emerge over time
- Activity intolerance/fatigue
- Feeding difficulties
- Recurrent respiratory infections
, PEDS FINAL SLOs | Q&A| FINAL EXAM
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- Respiratory distress (nasal flaring, retractions, tachypnea, grunting)
8.Types of cyanotic defects: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS), Tetralogy Of
Fallot (TOF), Truncus Arteriosus, Transposition of Great Vessels
9.Cyanotic defect clinical manifestions: - Cyanosis of lips (perioral cyanosis) and digits;
"dusky look"; abnormal oxygen saturations
- Breathlessness, tachypnea
- Feeding difficulties
- Failure to thrive
10.Cardiovascular dysfunctions associated with cyanotic defects: - Tetralogy of
Fallot
- Transposition of the great vessels
- Pulmonary atresia
- Truncus arteriosus
- Heart failure
, PEDS FINAL SLOs | Q&A| FINAL EXAM
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11.manifestations of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA): - Characteristic machin- ery-
like murmur
- Respiratory distress with signs of heart failure in infants, thrill palpated, bounding
peripheral pulses, widened pulse pressure, failure to thrive, fatigue
12.manifestations of coarctation of the aorta (COA): - Blood pressure is higher in the
upper extremities than in the lower extremities
- Bounding pulses in the arms, weak or absent femoral pulses, cool lower extremities
- Headaches, dizziness, fainting, and epistaxis resulting from hypertension
13.MOA of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS): - Inadequate development of left
side of heart, predominantly left ventricle
- Results in hypoplasia of ascending aorta and mitral valve stenosis
14.Complications of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS): If untreated, death
within first few months of life (rapid progressive heart failure)
15.Manifestions of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS): grayish blue infant with
hypoxia, dyspnea and hypotension
16.Management of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS): - Emergent PGE1 to
maintain PDA until surgery
- Surgical: transplant or Norwood/Fontan repair
17.the four defects that make up the Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF): Combination of four
cardiac defects
- VSD
- Right Ventricular Outflow obstruction (pulmonic stenosis)
- Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
- Overriding Aorta
, PEDS FINAL SLOs | Q&A| FINAL EXAM
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18.Rheumatic fever: - Inflammatory autoimmune disease that affects the connec- tive
tissues of the heart, joints, skin, blood vessels and central nervous system
- Develops after infection of the upper respiratory tract; usually 2-6 weeks after Group A
streptococcal (strep) infection
- Most serious complication is rheumatic heart disease
19.Rheumatic fever clinical manifestations: - chorea , fever, carditis, erythema
marginatum, abdominal pain
- Polyarthritis or migratory joint pain
- Aschoff bodies: rash on trunk or inner aspects of the upper arms or thighs that gives rise
to red lesions with blanched centers, Found in the heart, blood vessels, brain and serous
surfaces of the joints and pleura
20.Rheumatic fever diagnosis: by Jones Criteria (Joint involvement, carditis, nod-
ules/subcutaneous, erythema marginatum, Sydenham chorea)
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