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Gedetailleerde samenvatting Psychopathologie
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PSYCHOPATHOLOGIEINHOUDSOPGAVE
ONTSTAAN VAN MIDDELGERELATEERDE EN VERSLAVINGS-PROBLEMEN: EEN DYNAMISCH PROCES (MODULE 1) ................... 10
IS MIDDELENGEBRUIK ALTIJD EEN PROBLEEM? NIET ELK GEBRUIK IS PROBLEMATISCH ....................................................................................... 10
SOORTEN GEBRUIK ............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
WELKE FACTOREN VERHOGEN KANS OP GEBRUIK EN PROBLEMEN? ............................................................................................................... 10
VAN KEUZE NAAR AUTOMATISME .......................................................................................................................................................... 11
WAAROM IS VERSLAVING ZO MOEILIJK TE DOORBREKEN? ........................................................................................................................... 12
4 VICIEUZE CIRKELS VAN VERSLAVING VAN VAN DIJCK – WRM BLIJFT MEN GEBRUIKEN? .................................................................................... 12
3 types Beïnvloedende factoren ................................................................................................................................................ 12
De 4 cirkels ................................................................................................................................................................................ 12
CLASSIFICATIES VAN STOORNISSEN ......................................................................................................................................................... 13
CONCLUSIE ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
DE INVLOED VAN MENS, MIDDEL EN MILIEU OP DRUGGEBRUIK EN DRUGPROBLEMEN (MODULE 2) ...................................... 14
WAT ZIJN DRUGS? DEFINITIE ................................................................................................................................................................ 14
de drugdriehoek ........................................................................................................................................................................ 14
het drugwiel .............................................................................................................................................................................. 14
WAT ZIJN BEÏNVLOEDENDE FACTOREN? ................................................................................................................................................... 15
HET MMM-MODEL; DE INVLOED VAN MENS, MIDDEL EN MILIEU? ............................................................................................................... 15
HOE SPELEN DIE FACTOREN OP ELKAAR IN? EN HOE VERANDERT DAT MET DE TIJD? .......................................................................................... 16
VERWERKINGSVRAGEN ........................................................................................................................................................................ 17
PRODUCTINFO: ALCOHOL (MODULE 3)..................................................................................................................................... 17
WAT IS ALCOHOL PRECIES? .................................................................................................................................................................. 17
WELKE EFFECTEN HEEFT HET OP HET LICHAAM EN DE HERSENEN .................................................................................................................. 17
WAT ZIJN DE RISICO’S?........................................................................................................................................................................ 18
HOEVEEL IS TE VEEL? .......................................................................................................................................................................... 18
WIE LET BEST EXTRA OP? RISICOGROEPEN............................................................................................................................................... 19
WAT ZEGT DE BELGISCHE WETGEVING OVER ALCOHOL ............................................................................................................................... 19
HOE GAAN WE BEST OM MET ALCOHOLPROBLEMEN................................................................................................................................... 19
VERWERKINGSVRAGEN ........................................................................................................................................................................ 20
ZIE 3 BIJGEVOEGDE ARTIKELS ................................................................................................................................................... 20
KUNNEN VROUWEN SLECHTER TEGEN ALCOHOL DAN MANNEN? (ARTIKEL) ..................................................................................................... 20
WAAROM IS VERSLAVING ZO MOEILIJK TE DOORBREKEN? (PP) ..................................................................................................................... 20
EEN HANDIGE GIDS OVER ALCOHOL/TABAK/DRUGS VR OUDERS EN TIENERS (BROCHURE) .................................................................................. 20
ZIE BOEK POTLOOD (419-442) LEERSTOF!.............................................................................................................................. 20
INTRODUCTIE ........................................................................................................................................................................... 21
WAT IS ONTWIKKELINGSPSYCHOPATHOLOGIE? ......................................................................................................................................... 21
PSYCHISCH LIJDEN .............................................................................................................................................................................. 22
criteria voor de psychische stoornis .......................................................................................................................................... 22
CRITERIA TER BEOORDELING ‘NORMAAL-ABNORMAAL’ (TER BEOORDELING OF ER ‘PATHOLOGIE’ AANWEZIG IS) ..................................................... 22
bijkomende overwegingen rond normaal-abnormaal beoordelen… ........................................................................................ 23
PSYCHOPATHOLOGIE EN PSYCHIATRIE ..................................................................................................................................................... 24
inzichten vanuit verschillende disciplines binnen ontwikkelingspsychopathologie ................................................................... 24
ontwikkelingsbenadering .......................................................................................................................................................... 25
CLASSIFICATIE ........................................................................................................................................................................... 27
1
, WAT IS CLASSIFICEREN ........................................................................................................................................................................ 27
CLASSIFICATIE EN BEOORDELING VAN AFWIJKENDE EMOTIES, GEDACHTEN EN GEDRAG ..................................................................................... 28
DIFFERENTIAALDIAGNOSE EN COMORBIDITEIT .......................................................................................................................................... 28
Verschillen tussen… ................................................................................................................................................................... 29
DSM ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
categorieën in DSM ................................................................................................................................................................... 29
verschillende versies van DSM .................................................................................................................................................. 29
voor- en nadelen van een diagnose .......................................................................................................................................... 30
OMTRENT CLASSIFICEREN MET DSM: VIDEOFRAGMENT EN OPINIESTUK ................................................................................. 30
Dimensionale classificatiesystemen .......................................................................................................................................... 32
DIAGNOSTIEK ........................................................................................................................................................................... 32
DIAGNOSTIEK: METHODEN EN INSTRUMENTEN ......................................................................................................................................... 33
Diagnostisch gesprek ................................................................................................................................................................ 33
Observeren ................................................................................................................................................................................ 34
Psychodiagnostiek..................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Lichamelijk en somatisch onderzoek ......................................................................................................................................... 34
DIAGNOSTIEK: BETROUWBAARHEID EN VALIDITEIT .................................................................................................................................... 35
Comorbiditeit ............................................................................................................................................................................ 36
EPIDEMIOLOGIE ....................................................................................................................................................................... 36
PREVALENTIE .................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
INCIDENTIE ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
THEORIEËN OVER ONTWIKKELING............................................................................................................................................ 37
1- BIO-ECOLOGISCH SYSTEEMMODEL ................................................................................................................................................. 38
Termen bio-ecologisch model ................................................................................................................................................... 38
Meerdere factoren die van invloed zijn bij bio-ecologische systeemmodel: ............................................................................. 38
Synergie..................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
2- THEORIE OVER ONTWIKKELINGSOPGAVEN EN OPVOEDINGSTAKEN ........................................................................................................ 39
Vroeger en nu ............................................................................................................................................................................ 40
3- THEORIE OVER RISICO- EN BESCHERMINGSFACTOREN......................................................................................................................... 40
Risico en beschermingsfactoren bestaan alleen in de statistiek ............................................................................................... 40
Een vuistregel ............................................................................................................................................................................ 41
Risicofactoren geen vaststaan gegeven .................................................................................................................................... 41
Ontwikkelingstrajecten ............................................................................................................................................................. 41
Preventie: drie vormen .............................................................................................................................................................. 42
1. WAT IS PSYCHOTRAUMA .................................................................................................................................................. 43
A. SOORTEN TRAUMATISCHE ERVARINGEN .......................................................................................................................................... 44
2. DSM-5: TRAUMA- EN STRESSGERELATEERDE STOORNISSEN ............................................................................................. 45
A. POST-TRAUMATISCHE STRESSSTOORNIS .......................................................................................................................................... 45
B. ACUTE STRESSSTOORNIS .............................................................................................................................................................. 47
3. PREVALENTIE, VERLOOP EN CO-MORBIDITEIT BIJ TRAUMA .............................................................................................. 47
A. PREVALENTIE VAN TRAUMATISCHE GEBEURTENISSEN EN PTSS BIJ KINDEREN EN JONGEREN ....................................................................... 47
Diathese Stress-model en trauma (zie eerder) .......................................................................................................................... 47
B. VERLOOP SYMPTOMEN NA TRAUMA............................................................................................................................................... 48
Wanneer ingrijpen?................................................................................................................................................................... 48
C. CO-MORBIDITEIT EN TRAUMA’S ONDERLIGGEND AAN STOORNISSEN? ................................................................................................... 48
4. RISICOFACTOREN VOOR HET ONTWIKKELEN VAN PTSS EN TRAUMAKLACHTEN ............................................................... 49
2
, A. LEEFTIJDSSPECIFIEKE TRAUMAREACTIES........................................................................................................................................... 50
5. VERWERKING VAN TRAUMA............................................................................................................................................. 51
A. TRAUMA EN STRESSVENSTER: HYPER- OF HYPOAROUSAL REACTIES ....................................................................................................... 52
B. HOE VERWERKEN WE TRAUMA? .................................................................................................................................................... 52
Normaal functioneren ............................................................................................................................................................... 52
Tijdens een traumatische ervaring: ........................................................................................................................................... 52
Normale verwerking na het trauma: ........................................................................................................................................ 52
Geslaagde verwerking na trauma: ............................................................................................................................................ 52
natuurlijke herstelproces........................................................................................................................................................... 53
C. GESTAGNEERDE / BEVROREN VERWERKING BIJ TRAUMA ..................................................................................................................... 53
Amygdale kaping: (niet vanbuiten kennen, zie ander opo)....................................................................................................... 53
Door trauma kunnen disfunctionele cognities, emoties en senstaies ontstaan: triggeringen .................................................. 54
Bijkomende problemen ..............................................................................................................................................................................54
Waarom zijn jonge kinderen meer vatbaar voor het ontwikkelen van traumaklachten?......................................................... 54
D. NEUROBIOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK NAAR DE VERWERKING VAN TRAUMA .................................................................................................. 55
6. ARTIKEL NEUROBIOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK NR DE VERWERKING V TRAUMA ..................................................................... 56
1. WAT IS ONTWIKKELINGSTRAUMA? .................................................................................................................................. 57
A. DIVERSITEIT AAN KLACHTEN BIJ ONTWIKKELINGSTRAUMA (EN HECHTINGSSTOORNISSEN) .......................................................................... 57
B. METAFOOR VAN HET HUIS ........................................................................................................................................................... 57
Hoe verhouden Type I, II, III traumatisering & trauma- en stressorgerelateerde DSM-stoornissen zich ten opzichte van
elkaar? ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 58
2. TRAUMA- EN STRESSGERELATEERDE STOORNISSEN DSM-5: HECHTINGSSTOORNISSEN ................................................... 58
A. REACTIEVE HECHTINGSSTOORNIS ................................................................................................................................................... 59
B. ONTREMD SOCIAAL CONTACTSTOORNIS .......................................................................................................................................... 59
Differentiaaldiagnose: waar lijkt dit op? .................................................................................................................................. 61
3. TRAUMA EN HET BREIN .................................................................................................................................................... 61
A. FILMPJE: WAT DOET MISHANDELING MET EEN KINDERBREIN – PETER ADRIAENSSEN ................................................................................. 61
B. IMPACT/SCHADE VAN TRAUMATISERING DOOR KINDERMMISHANDELING OP HERSENNIVEAU: INZICHTEN VANUIT NEUROBIOLOGIE .................... 61
A) Impact op de structuur vd hersenen ................................................................................................................................. 61
B) Impact op het regelen van stress(houding): toxische werking van continue stroom van cortisol .................................... 62
C) beschadigt de werking van het emotionele geheugen ...................................................................................................... 62
C. OVERERFBAARHEID VAN (STRESS VERBONDEN AAN) TRAUMA .............................................................................................................. 63
D. GEBOORTETRAUMA .................................................................................................................................................................... 64
4. BEHANDELEN VAN ONTWIKKELINGSTRAUMA .................................................................................................................. 64
A. NEUROSEQUENTIAL MODEL OF THERAPEUTICS (NMT) – B. PERRY, 2006 ............................................................................................ 64
B. DE ONTWIKKELING VAN HERSENEN EN TRAUMA ............................................................................................................................... 65
C. RIJPING EN STIMULERING VAN HET BREIN ........................................................................................................................................ 65
Voorbeelden van regulatie door ritme en afstemming ............................................................................................................. 66
D. BREIN MAPPING NMT ................................................................................................................................................................ 66
E. BASISPRINCIPES BIJ HET OMGAAN MET TRAUMA BIJ KINDEREN EN JONGEREN (TRAUMASENSITIEVE BENADERING) .................... 66
RRR bij crisis/’uit’ het stressvenster .......................................................................................................................................... 67
F. MET BEHANDELING AANSLUITEN OP............................................................................................................................................... 67
5. EYE MOVEMENT DESENSITATION REPROCESSING THERAPY (EMDR) ............................................................................... 67
A. HISTORIEK ................................................................................................................................................................................ 68
B. WAT DOET EMDR? ................................................................................................................................................................... 68
C. HOE WERKT EMDR? .................................................................................................................................................................. 69
D. ONDERZOEK BIJ MUIZEN IN ‘NATURE’............................................................................................................................................. 70
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, E. EMDR THERAPIE BIJ KINDEREN ..................................................................................................................................................... 70
F. AANGEPAST STIMULATIE .............................................................................................................................................................. 71
G. ROL VAN OUDERS / BEGELEIDERS BIJ EMDR .................................................................................................................................... 71
1. NORMALE ONTWIKKELING VAN ANGST ............................................................................................................................ 73
A. 3 INGREDIËNTEN VAN EEN EMOTIE:................................................................................................................................................ 73
Een emotie kent verschillende aspecten: .................................................................................................................................. 74
B. DE NORMALE ONTWIKKELING VAN ANGST… (1) ............................................................................................................................... 74
DE NORMALE ONTWIKKELING VAN ANGST… (2) ....................................................................................................................................... 75
2. ANGSTSTOORNISSEN, SOORTEN, KENMERKEN, VERKLARINGSMODEL ............................................................................. 75
Soorten angst ............................................................................................................................................................................ 75
Wanneer wordt angst een zorg? p. 330 .....................................................................................................................................................76
opdeling angststoornissen volgens dsm-5 ................................................................................................................................ 77
Indeling van de angststoornissen .............................................................................................................................................. 77
Separatieangst is op jonge leeftijd gewoon: ..............................................................................................................................................78
A) SEPARATIEANGSTSTOORNIS .......................................................................................................................................................... 78
B) FOBIEËN ................................................................................................................................................................................... 78
Specifieke fobieën ..................................................................................................................................................................... 79
Fobie-mechanisme: ................................................................................................................................................................... 79
Verklaringen fobieën: ................................................................................................................................................................ 79
Bijkomende karakteristieken: ................................................................................................................................................... 80
Tweefactorenmodel (Mowrer) ...................................................................................................................................................................80
Multifactorenmodel van fobieën-overzicht van hoe versch factoren verklaring geven vr een fobie .........................................................81
Behandeling fobieën: ................................................................................................................................................................ 81
C) GEGENERALISEERDE ANGSTSTOORNIS (GAS) ................................................................................................................................... 82
Theoretische perspectieven – Gas: ............................................................................................................................................ 82
Behandeling GAS: ...................................................................................................................................................................... 82
D) SOCIALE FOBIE/SOCIALE ANGSTSTOORNIS .................................................................................................................................... 82
E) SELECTIEF MUTISME ................................................................................................................................................................... 83
F) PANIEKSTOORNIS ....................................................................................................................................................................... 83
belangrijke kenmerken v paniekaanvallen ................................................................................................................................ 84
Theoretische perspectieven - paniekstoornis ............................................................................................................................ 84
Behandeling paniekstoornis: ..................................................................................................................................................... 85
Paniekmanagement .................................................................................................................................................................. 85
G) AGORAFOBIE ......................................................................................................................................................................... 86
H) OBSESSIEF-COMPULSIEVE (OCS) EN VERWANTE STOORNISSEN ........................................................................................................ 86
DSM-5 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 86
Dwangmatige stoornissen / obsessies ...................................................................................................................................... 86
Behandeling OCS ....................................................................................................................................................................... 87
docu – portretten van angst en dwang (kijken en oef vr soort examenvragen bij casus exaam) ...............................................................87
Theoretische perspectieven OCS: .............................................................................................................................................. 88
Behandeling OCS: ...................................................................................................................................................................... 88
I) VUISTREGELS ANGSTSTOORNISSEN ................................................................................................................................................. 89
3. DIFFERENTIAALDIAGNOSE: WAAR LIJKT HET OP ............................................................................................................... 89
4. COMORBIDITEIT................................................................................................................................................................ 89
ANGST EN DEPRESSIVITEIT VERSTERKEN ELKAAR ......................................................................................................................... 89
5. PREVALENTIE .................................................................................................................................................................... 89
6. RISICOFACTOREN EN BESCHERMINGSFACTOREN (LINK ECOLOGISCH MODEL BRONFENBRENNER) .................................. 90
A. RISICOFACTOREN OP KINDNIVEAU (TABEL 13.7 P. 347) ..................................................................................................................... 90
B. RISICOFACTOREN OP GEZINSNIVEAU/OUDERS ................................................................................................................................... 90
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